On February 21st, People’s Daily published an article signed by Xu Qin, secretary of Heilongjiang Provincial Party Committee, titled "Strive to Take the Lead in Building a Powerful Agricultural Countr

  General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has always attached great importance to the work concerning agriculture, countryside and farmers, and made overall arrangements for accelerating the construction of an agricultural power in the Party’s Report to the 20th CPC National Congress. At the Central Rural Work Conference held at the end of last year, he systematically expounded a series of major theoretical and practical issues in building an agricultural power. Heilongjiang thoroughly implements the spirit of the important speech of the Supreme Leader General Secretary, resolutely shoulders the mission responsibility of being a big agricultural province and a big grain province, accelerates the construction of a strong agricultural province, and strives to play a leading role in the construction of a strong agricultural country.

  Agricultural power is the foundation of socialist modernization power.

  General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "Without an agricultural power, there would be no whole modern power; Without agricultural and rural modernization, socialist modernization is incomplete. " Building an agricultural power, carrying the dream of national rejuvenation, building the foundation of national prosperity, and embodying the responsibility of building a community of human destiny. We must strengthen our historical self-confidence, enhance our historical initiative, and forge ahead courageously towards the goal of building an agricultural power.

  A strong country must first strengthen agriculture, and a strong agriculture can strengthen the country. China is a country with a large population and a large agricultural country, and building an agricultural power is an ideal vision for the Chinese nation to inherit the Millennium. In the new era, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core insists on solving the "three rural issues" as the top priority of the whole party’s work, and continues to focus on strengthening agriculture and benefiting farmers, which has historically solved the problem of absolute poverty and created a miracle in the history of human poverty reduction. We are closer to the bright future of an agricultural power than at any time in history. After more than 70 years of development and construction, Heilongjiang has achieved a historical change from "Great Northern Wilderness" to "Great Northern Warehouse". We should base ourselves on resource endowment, give full play to our comparative advantages, accelerate the modernization of agriculture and rural areas, and promote the dream of becoming a strong agricultural country to become a beautiful reality.

  If agriculture is stable, the world will be safe, and if agriculture is prosperous, the foundation will be solid. Food security is "the biggest country", and no powerful country has ever relied on others to solve the problem of eating. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has established a national food security strategy, formed a new concept of food security, and led more than 1.4 billion people in China out of a road of food security with China characteristics. The great changes in the world in the past century have accelerated the evolution, and various uncertain and unpredictable factors have obviously increased. We should not be careless about the food security issue. The total grain output of Heilongjiang in 2022 was 155.26 billion Jin, accounting for 11.3% of the country, ranking first in the country for 13 consecutive years. We must persist in taking a variety of grains and planting good grains as the top priority and be the most stable, reliable and solid "big granary" of the country.

  The country is prosperous when the countryside is prosperous, and the country is rich when the farmers are rich. The countryside is not only the spatial carrier of agricultural production, but also the homeland where farmers were born and raised in Sri Lanka. At present, the overall income level of farmers is not high, rural infrastructure and public services lag behind cities, and the most arduous and arduous task of building a socialist modern country in an all-round way is still in the countryside. We must vigorously promote rural revitalization, realize that rural areas have modern living conditions, and farmers can develop in an all-round way and live a richer and better life. We must always give priority to the development of agriculture and rural areas, promote agricultural modernization and rural modernization as a whole, and speed up the construction of livable and suitable businesses and beautiful villages.

  Adhere to the characteristics of China and firmly follow your own path. To build an agricultural power, we should not only follow the general law of agricultural modernization, but also reflect the common characteristics of strong supply guarantee, strong scientific and technological equipment, strong management system, strong industrial toughness and strong competitiveness. We should also proceed from China’s national conditions, base ourselves on the resource endowment with a large population and a small land, the historical background of agricultural civilization and the requirements of the times of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, and unswervingly follow the road of becoming an agricultural power with China characteristics. Heilongjiang is rich in agricultural resources and excellent in ecological environment, and it has a unique solid foundation and favorable conditions to realize agricultural modernization. We should implement the spirit of the 20th Party Congress and the Central Rural Work Conference, firmly grasp the connotation, characteristics and basic requirements of building an agricultural power, anchor the goal of building an agricultural power, earnestly do a good job in agricultural and rural work, and actively explore, be brave in practice and blaze a new trail in building an agricultural power.

  Make greater contributions to accelerating the construction of an agricultural power.

  General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has always been concerned about Heilongjiang and black land, demanding that we strive to be the vanguard of agricultural modernization and the "ballast stone" for safeguarding national food security. We should bear in mind the important instructions and earnest entrustment of the Supreme Leader General Secretary, speed up the construction of a strong agricultural province, and strive to take the lead in breaking through, setting an example and being a good vanguard in the construction of a strong agricultural country.

  Vigorously implement the action of improving grain production capacity. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "Ensuring the stable and safe supply of grain and important agricultural products has always been the top priority in building an agricultural power." As an important commodity grain base and grain strategic reserve base in China, Heilongjiang must strengthen its sense of sharing worries for the party and growing grain for the country, and resolutely be a "ballast stone" for safeguarding national food security. We must adhere to the responsibility of the party and the government for food security, implement the income guarantee mechanism for grain farmers and the interest compensation mechanism for major producing areas, and protect and mobilize farmers’ enthusiasm for growing grain and grasping grain at the grassroots level. We will fully implement the plan to increase production of 10 million tons of grain, and provide strong support for the new round of national action to increase grain production capacity by 100 billion Jin. Strengthen the protection and utilization of cultivated land in black soil and improve water conservancy facilities. In-depth implementation of high-quality grain projects, giving full play to the role of domestic high-protein soybeans as the main force in planting, and building a national strategic support base for japonica rice rations and a production base for high-quality corn and soybeans with high standards, so as to make greater contributions to a more confident and safer "China Grain".

  Vigorously implement the practice of the big food concept. The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "We must establish a big food concept, build a diversified food supply system, and develop food sources in multiple ways." With a forest area of 210,000 square kilometers, there are more than 6,000 natural lakes and more than 100 kinds of wild fish in Heilongjiang, which is rich in material resources for agricultural production and has a huge space for the practice of the concept of big food. We should expand the scale of economic land under forests in an orderly manner, develop and strengthen leading forest food enterprises, extend the industrial chain and build an ecological forest food supply base. Vigorously develop cold-water fishery breeding and processing, and build a production and supply base for cold-water fish products. Adhere to the two-wheel drive of facility agriculture and open field planting, improve the scale and standardization level of facility agriculture, and build a fruit and vegetable production base in cold regions. Accelerate the development of modern animal husbandry, do a good job in fine edible fungi industry, enlarge and strengthen the biological industry, and promote the expansion of food sources from traditional crops and livestock and poultry resources to richer biological resources.

  Vigorously implement the action of revitalizing modern agriculture. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "Industrial revitalization is the top priority of rural revitalization". Heilongjiang is the province with the largest land management area of moderate scale, reaching 147 million mu. The comprehensive mechanization rate of crop cultivation and harvest is stable above 98%, the planting area of main crops is 87%, and the contribution rate of agricultural scientific and technological progress reaches 69.5%. The development of modern agriculture has a solid material and technological foundation. We should vigorously develop science and technology agriculture, green agriculture, quality agriculture and brand agriculture, speed up the construction of modern agricultural industrial system, production system and management system, and constantly improve the overall quality and competitiveness of agricultural industry. Develop science and technology agriculture with the support of technological innovation, strengthen the construction of Jiamusi national agricultural high-tech industrial demonstration zone, modern agricultural industrial technology collaborative innovation promotion system and agricultural science and technology demonstration base, promote the deep integration development of "digital+biology+agriculture", strengthen the scientific and technological innovation of seed industry, build a provincial digital agriculture platform, build a national digital agriculture demonstration zone, actively promote modern equipment such as agricultural machinery intelligent monitoring terminals and high-powered tractors, and strive for a national high-end intelligent agricultural machinery equipment promotion and application pilot zone. Relying on ecological advantages, we will develop green agriculture, vigorously promote green standardized production, steadily expand the certified area of green organic food, and build the largest green granary and green kitchen in China. Develop quality agriculture on the basis of standardized production, improve the local agricultural standard system, and strengthen food safety and quality and safety supervision of agricultural products.Construct the whole traceability system from farmland to dining table. Take marketing as the driving force to develop brand agriculture, carry out agricultural brand promotion actions, strengthen brand promotion, further amplify the brand influence of "black soil excellent products" and let the people of the whole country eat better, greener and safer Longjiang food.

  Vigorously implement rural construction actions. The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "It is the proper meaning of a strong agricultural country to build a livable and beautiful countryside." Realizing that rural areas basically have modern living conditions is an important deployment made by the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, and it is also an inevitable requirement for improving the quality of life of rural residents and keeping people in rural areas. The task of realizing rural modernization in Heilongjiang Province is still arduous. We should carry out rural construction in depth, adhere to county-level overall planning, promote full coverage of village planning, and scientifically determine village layout and construction boundaries. Accelerate the construction of infrastructure such as roads, electricity, communications and logistics, and public service facilities such as epidemic prevention, old-age care and education, improve the capacity and level of rural health care services, and continuously improve the completeness of rural infrastructure, the convenience of public services and the comfort of human settlements. We will carry out actions to rectify rural human settlements, focus on rural "toilet revolution", domestic sewage treatment and domestic garbage treatment, carry out demonstration and creation of beautiful and livable villages, and gradually improve rural production and living conditions. Adhere to party building to lead rural governance, and improve the rural governance system that combines autonomy, rule of law and rule of virtue under the leadership of party organizations. Strengthen the construction of spiritual civilization in rural areas, and carry forward the rural customs and folk customs of caring for relatives and neighbors, mutual help, honesty and courtesy.

  Vigorously implement the action of increasing farmers’ income. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "We must persist in increasing farmers’ income as ‘ Agriculture, countryside and farmers ’ The central task of the work is to do everything possible to broaden the channels for farmers to increase their income and get rich. " Heilongjiang is rich in agricultural and rural characteristic resources, which has a good foundation for developing rural industries to enrich the people. We should do a good job of "the head of the grain eats the tail" and "the head of the farmer works the tail", do a good job of "local products", improve the mechanism of linking agriculture with agriculture, promote the integrated development of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries, and leave more value-added income in the countryside and farmers. Develop a new rural collective economy and give farmers more adequate property rights and interests. Encourage and support farmers’ entrepreneurial innovation and increase farmers’ wage income. Continue to consolidate and expand the achievements of poverty alleviation, promote the sustained and stable income increase of the poverty-stricken population, and never let one person fall behind on the road to common prosperity.

  Gather resources to accelerate the construction of an agricultural power.

  The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "The key to running rural affairs well and realizing rural revitalization lies in the party." Accelerating the construction of an agricultural power involves many industries, wide fields and large groups. We must uphold and strengthen the Party’s overall leadership over the work concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers, pool the resources of the whole society, and promote the steady and far-reaching construction of an agricultural power.

  Improve the implementation mechanism of the party’s overall leadership. Give full play to the role of the Party in overall planning and coordinating all parties, adhere to the five-level secretary in rural revitalization, and the county party secretary should be a "front-line commander in chief", and establish a mechanism for leadership responsibility, work promotion, supervision and inspection, assessment and evaluation, so as to ensure that the decision-making and deployment of the CPC Central Committee are effective. Strengthen the education and training of cadres on the agricultural front, thoroughly understand the important exposition of the Supreme Leader General Secretary on the work of agriculture, rural areas and farmers, improve the level of policy theory, and become an expert in leading the work of agriculture, rural areas and farmers. Strengthen the construction of grass-roots party organizations in rural areas, send and make good use of the first secretary and task force in the village, and build a strong fighting fortress to effectively realize the party’s leadership.

  Improve the talent support mechanism. Talent is the most precious resource and the basic and strategic support for accelerating the construction of an agricultural power. Adhere to the combination of local training and external introduction, encourage talents to flow to the countryside, and attract graduates from institutions of higher learning and vocational schools, migrant workers who go out to do business, urban retirees, etc. Open up the service channels for talents from urban education, science and technology, culture, health and other industries to go to the countryside, build a volunteer service platform, establish and improve the mechanism of talent training and exchange and cooperation between urban and rural areas, regions and schools, and attract more talents to join the practice of building a strong agricultural country.

  Improve the input guarantee mechanism. Building a strong agricultural country requires strong policy guidance and capital investment. Give play to the role of financial priority guarantee, improve the long-term mechanism of overall planning and integration of agricultural funds, and improve the efficiency of the use of financial funds. Develop rural inclusive finance, innovate financial products and services, and promote the "agricultural big data+finance" supporting agriculture model. We will improve the linkage mechanism between government investment and financial and social investment, encourage and guide social capital to invest in agriculture and rural areas, set up rural revitalization funds, and support rural industrial development and public infrastructure construction.

  Improve the mechanism of extensive participation of the whole society. Building a strong agricultural country is the common cause of the whole society. Vigorously publicize the principles, policies and strategic arrangements of the CPC Central Committee on building an agricultural power, give play to the decision-making advisory role of think tanks and experts and scholars, strengthen the theoretical and policy research on agricultural power and agricultural and rural modernization, and create a good public opinion atmosphere of emphasizing agriculture and strengthening agriculture. In-depth implementation of the "ten thousand enterprises prosper ten thousand villages" action, mobilize state-owned enterprises, non-public enterprises, universities, research institutes, industry associations (chambers of commerce), volunteer service teams and other forces to participate in supporting the construction of a strong agricultural country.

Notice of the General Office of the People’s Government of Henan Province on Printing and Distributing the Medium-and Long-term Planning for Henan Construction (2022-2035) and the Action Plan for Hena

Municipal People’s governments under the jurisdiction of all provinces, Jiyuan Demonstration Zone, Airport Management Committee, and various departments of the provincial people’s government:

  "Designing the Long-term Plan for Henan Construction (2022-2035)" and "Designing the Action Plan for Henan Construction (2022-2025)" have been approved by the provincial government and are hereby printed and distributed to you. Please implement them carefully.

General Office of Henan Provincial People’s Government

August 31, 2022

Design the medium and long-term planning of Henan construction (2022-2035)

  In order to thoroughly implement the "Top Ten Henan" construction deployment of the provincial party committee and government, give full play to the leading, strategic and supporting role of design industry in innovation-driven development, empowering industrial upgrading, prospering Central Plains culture, rejuvenating new towns and creating a better life, and speed up the design of Henan construction, according to the 14th Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of Henan Province and the Outline of Long-term Objectives for the Year 2035, and the "14th Five-Year Plan" for High-quality Development of Manufacturing Industry in Henan Province

  First, design Henan to stand at a new starting point in the Central Plains.

  (1) Development foundation. After years of development, the design industry in our province has been innovative in inheritance and innovative in inheritance, and has begun to take shape in industrial scale and influence, and is entering a new stage of gaining momentum and leaping forward.

  1. The design industry has begun to take shape. Our province’s design industry adapts to the economic structure, with relatively complete categories, and basically forms a design industry system with industrial design, architectural design, cultural tourism design and rural design as the mainstay, supplemented by other creative designs. The province’s business scope involves 38,900 legal entities and nearly 300,000 employees in the design industry; Covering 4037 industrial design enterprises, including 97 professional industrial design enterprises; There are 1204 architectural design enterprises, including 5 national top 100 architectural design enterprises; There are 452 creative design service enterprises such as Wenlv, and a large number of creative products have been created. The total scale of the province’s design industry has reached about 200 billion yuan, which has a good foundation for development.

  2. The advantages of characteristic fields are obvious. Industrial design has grown rapidly, especially the design capabilities of commercial buses and major equipment have been improved by leaps and bounds, and it has advanced into the first phalanx in the world. In recent five years, it has won 33 major international awards such as the German Red Dot Award and 20 national awards such as the China Excellent Industrial Design Award. Strong architectural design strength, with 2 academicians of China Academy of Engineering, 23 national engineering survey and design masters, and 10 comprehensive first-class architectural enterprises. The creative design of Wenlv has accumulated a lot, and Henan Satellite TV’s "China Festival" series (Tang Palace Night Banquet, Luo Shen Shui Fu, Longmen King Kong), Zhengzhou’s "Only Henan Drama Fantasy City" and other cultural and creative products have won national prizes. Agricultural and rural design is gradually gaining momentum. In the first National Imprinted Rural Creative Design Competition, 24 works in our province won prizes, accounting for 13.3% of all the winning works, among which "Yard on the Cloud-Design of a Mountain House with Temperature" won the first prize.

  3. Agglomeration effect is gradually emerging. There are 562 parks covering the development of design industry in the province, including 414 in science and technology innovation, 134 in cultural creativity and 14 in architectural decoration, basically forming a spatial pattern of design industry gathering and development, with Zhengzhou metropolitan area as the mainstay and other cities under the jurisdiction of other provinces as multi-point support. A number of design industrial parks with important influence in China have emerged, including Zhengzhou National Intellectual Property Creative Industry Pilot Park, Sesame Street 1958 Shuangchuang Park, Jiaozuo Zhongyuan Design City, and more than 700 industrial design, cultural creativity, intellectual property and other design enterprises. Zhengzhou National Intellectual Property Creative Industry Pilot Park won the "Top 100 Design Parks in China in 2021"; A number of cultural and creative parks, such as the National Animation Industry Development (Henan) Base, Luoyang National Demonstration Base for Cultural and Technological Integration, and Zhengzhou Jianye Film Town, have great influence throughout the country.

  4. Talent support continued to strengthen. The training foundation of design talents in colleges and universities in our province is good, and a large number of design talents are trained to the society every year. At present, there are 52 ordinary undergraduate colleges and universities in the province offering 172 design specialties, covering product design, visual communication design, environmental design and other majors, with about 63,000 students and about 14,300 graduates each year. 104 colleges and universities set up 270 specialty points related to design at the junior college level, covering advertising art, environmental art and other majors, with about 61,300 students and about 16,900 graduates each year. Nine universities have 21 design-related master’s degree programs, with about 570 graduate students and about 160 graduates each year. The School of Design and Art of Henan University of Technology has the ability to train industrial design doctors.

  5. The development atmosphere is increasingly strong. In recent years, our province has organized a series of design competitions, forums, expositions and other activities, and its influence has gradually increased. The Provincial Department of Education has held four "Creative Henan" art design competitions, the Provincial Packaging Technology Association has held 25 consecutive "Henan Star" design art competitions since 1985, the Henan Provincial Museum has held five cultural and creative design competitions, and Henan University of Technology has continuously hosted the Central Design Forum since 2017. Zhengzhou is rich in design industry resources, leading the province in industrial design, cultural tourism design and other fields, and has the foundation of creating the world’s "design capital". Since 2013, Luoyang has held the 9th China Luoyang International Creative Industry Expo and successfully held the International (Luoyang) Industrial Design Summit Forum.

  (2) Facing the situation.

  1. Development opportunities. At present, there are many opportunities and favorable conditions for the development of design industry in our province. The first is the national strategic opportunity. The CPC Central Committee and the State Council have always attached great importance to the development of our province, and implemented strategies and supporting policies such as the Central Plains urban agglomeration, the promotion of the rise of the central region, the ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River basin, and the high-quality development of the central region, which provided favorable conditions for the design industry of our province to seize the major strategic opportunities of the country and realize rapid development. Second, the market prospect is broad. With a population of more than 100 million and an economic scale of nearly 6 trillion yuan, our province has a solid industrial base and rich cultural tourism resources. It is an important agricultural province, industrial province, cultural tourism province and populous province in China, which not only provides an infinite source of creativity for the development of creative design industry, but also provides a broad market space for the design industry to empower high-quality development in various fields. Third, the industrial base is good. After years of development, the design industry in our province has the basic conditions for building and designing Henan in terms of overall scale, regional characteristics, talent reserve, enterprise strength, empowerment effect and activity carrier, and it is expected to achieve leap-forward development in the future. Fourth, the development orientation is clear. Design industry is a strategic emerging industry strongly encouraged by the state, which belongs to the category of service-oriented manufacturing and manufacturing service industry, and conforms to the current industrial development trend at home and abroad. Our province is the first province in China to upgrade the design industry into a major strategy, which is conducive to stimulating and gathering the strong kinetic energy of the whole province to accelerate the development of the design industry and build Henan.

  2. Facing challenges. At present, the development of design industry in our province is also facing many challenges and unfavorable factors. First, the international environment is becoming more and more complicated. Today, the world is experiencing a great change that has never happened in a hundred years. The international situation is complex and changeable, uncertainties are increasing, international trade frictions are intensifying, the risk of geopolitical conflicts is increasing, anti-globalization continues to heat up, the COVID-19 epidemic has a far-reaching impact, the global industrial chain, supply chain, innovation chain and value chain are being reconstructed at an accelerated pace, and the recovery of the world economy is difficult. At the same time, the suppression and blockade of China’s high-end industries by developed countries and economies are increasing, and the application ecology of some high-end design software and tools is deteriorating. It is more difficult for our province to introduce high-end design talents and projects from abroad, which restricts the space for international cooperation in the development of our design industry. Second, domestic regional competition has become increasingly fierce. At present, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong and other provinces (cities) have gathered more than 70% of the country’s creative design resources and elements, forming the first echelon of the national design industry development. At present and in the future, the above provinces (cities) will still be the gathering highlands for the development of the design industry. At the same time, Hebei, Heilongjiang and other provinces have issued relevant support policies for the design industry, which has intensified the competition for innovative resources and elements in the design industry. The design industry in our province is facing a severe test of "the farther the pacesetter is, the closer the pursuer is". Third, there are many shortcomings and weaknesses in the design industry in our province. At the level of government, enterprises and society, the development of design industry is generally not paid enough attention, and the development of design industry has long lacked top-level design.In particular, insufficient overall planning, weak support policies, generally small enterprise scale, poor innovation ecology and serious brain drain have affected and restricted the rapid development of design industry in our province to varying degrees.

  According to comprehensive judgment, although the development of design industry in our province faces many challenges and unfavorable factors, it also has many opportunities and favorable conditions, and it is still in an important period of strategic opportunities. As long as our province seizes the opportunities, gathers the innovative elements of design industry and firmly grasps the initiative of design industry development, designing Henan will surely become a strong support for building a new business card of "Top Ten Henan" and realizing the goal of "Two Guarantees".

  Second, try to draw and design a new picture of Henan construction

  (1) Guiding ideology. Adhere to the guidance of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the new era, base on the new development stage, implement the new development concept completely, accurately and comprehensively, actively serve and integrate into the new development pattern, focus on the design of Henan construction around anchoring the "two guarantees" and implementing the "ten strategies", highlight the high-quality development of manufacturing industry with industrial design, lead urban modernization with architectural design, and highlight the new form of Central Plains civilization with cultural tourism design. Draw a poetic pastoral of the new era with rural design spectrum, focus on strengthening the source of creative innovation in designing Henan, focus on cultivating the "flagship powerhouse" of designing Henan, focus on building a new landmark of designing Henan as a carrier, focus on accelerating the digital transformation of designing Henan, focus on creating a gathering place for talents in designing Henan, focus on improving the openness of designing Henan, focus on improving the new mechanism for promoting designing Henan, accelerate the formation of a high-energy design industry system and an empowerment system, and strive to build a new highland for the development of design industry that leads the central region, radiates the whole country and links the whole world, with high quality.

  (2) Basic principles.

  1. Design leads and innovation drives. Insist on taking design as an important forerunner and guide of innovation drive, plant the source and support of innovation drive development with the innovation and development of design industry, and lead and empower the quality change, efficiency change and power change of modern Henan construction with design innovation.

  2. Focus on breakthroughs and highlight characteristics. Insist on industrial design, architectural design, cultural tourism design and rural design as the main direction of Henan construction, and strive to build a new design industry system with distinctive Henan regional characteristics, which is based on the integration of Central Plains culture, the priority of empowering industrial upgrading, and the creative bright future.

  3. Digital empowerment and integrated development. Adhere to the digital transformation of the design industry as a key measure, promote the reconstruction and integration of industrial chains such as "design+manufacturing", "design+architecture", "design+cultural tourism" and "design+rural revitalization", and promote the penetration and empowerment of "design+"in various fields.

  4. Open cooperation and regional coordination. Insist on strengthening exchanges and cooperation at home and abroad as an important way to enhance the brand image of design Henan, accelerate the construction of creative design corridor along the Yellow River with Zhengzhou as the "design capital" as the core, and promote the coordinated development of design industry in the whole province.

  5. Market-led and government-guided. Adhere to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, promote all kinds of design subjects to become bigger and stronger in the development of competition and cooperation, and actively play the guiding role of the government in the development of design industry, so as to create a first-class business environment and stimulate the innovation and entrepreneurship of design subjects.

  (3) development goals.

  1. By 2025, the design of Henan construction will focus on achieving the following development goals:

  The industrial scale has reached a new level. The province’s design industry has reached 500 billion yuan, and 50 leading domestic design enterprises have been introduced and cultivated, forming about 10 national leading head design enterprises with an annual output value exceeding 10 billion yuan, and the comprehensive strength of design Henan has been significantly enhanced.

  The empowerment effect has been improved. Design has basically achieved full penetration in all fields of economy and society, industrial design has played a more prominent role in empowering the high-quality development of manufacturing industry, architectural design has played a more obvious role in urban renewal, cultural tourism design has played a major role in reviving the culture of the Central Plains, and agricultural and rural design has fully promoted the empowerment of rural revitalization.

  Innovative ability to achieve new breakthroughs. 20 national industrial design centers and 300 provincial-level industrial design centers will be built, 10 first-class design colleges will be built, 10 internationally influential design masters will be introduced and 10,000 outstanding designers will be trained, basically forming the design industry innovation source and talent gathering place in the central region.

  New progress has been made in carrier construction. Zhengzhou has made great progress in the construction of "design capital" and has become a well-known "design city" in China. Luoyang has made positive progress in the construction of "design capital" and its influence in the country has been significantly improved. Three to five national first-class design creative industrial parks have been built in the province, and the Zheng Bianluo design creative corridor has basically been built.

  Brand image has reached a new height. Successfully held or hosted a number of international and nationally influential design competitions, won a number of international and national design awards, and emerged a large number of outstanding design achievements. The design of Henan construction has become the consensus of all sectors of society, and the influence of Henan in the country has been greatly enhanced.

  2. By 2035, the scale of the design industry in the whole province will reach one trillion yuan, and a number of world-class design masters and head enterprises will emerge. The role of design in empowering all fields will be fully penetrated and fully exerted. Zhengzhou will be built into a first-class "design capital" and Luoyang will be built into a "design capital", and design Henan will become a new design model of China with international influence.

  Third, empowering the high-quality development of manufacturing industry with industrial design

  Insist on industrial design as the top priority in designing Henan construction, conform to the development trend of high-end, intelligent, green and service-oriented manufacturing industry, accelerate the full penetration of industrial design into manufacturing industry chain, supply chain, innovation chain and value chain, and empower the construction of a strong province with advanced manufacturing industry.

  (1) Empowering traditional industries to upgrade and develop.

  1. Material industry design. Focus on improving the intelligent, green and service design level of products, processes and production in steel, nonferrous metals, building materials and chemical industries, accelerate the research and development of high-end new products and processes such as advanced alloy materials, deep processing and recycling, green building materials, fine chemicals and new chemical materials, and promote the transformation of traditional materials industry from single production to "innovative R&D design+green low-carbon production+integrated application services" and accelerate the chain extension to high-end "new materials".

  2. Equipment manufacturing design. Focus on improving the large-scale, complete, intelligent and service-oriented design and integrated application level of electrical equipment, agricultural machinery and equipment, mining machinery, shield equipment and hoisting machinery, improve the production technology level of key components such as bearings, gears, molds and hydraulic parts, and strive to form a number of characteristic and advantageous industrial chains integrating "R&D design+manufacturing (complete machine+core components)+operation and maintenance services" to empower traditional equipment to transform into "new equipment"

  3. Design of automobile industry. Focus on improving the technology and design level of large and medium-sized buses, passenger cars, special vehicles and parts. Encourage enterprises to adopt international advanced concepts, improve the safety, comfort and lightweight design level of the whole vehicle, and promote the research and development and market investment of new models; Improve the design of special vehicles, focusing on improving the design ability in terms of use function and styling style to meet the diversified market demand; Improve the modular and standardized design level of auto parts, and accelerate the transformation to new energy vehicle parts.

  4. Textile food design. Focus on "increasing varieties, improving quality and creating brands" to enhance design ability, conform to fashion trends, strengthen the application of new fabrics and accessories, accelerate the development of clothing creative design industry, and empower the fashion and brand development of clothing industry; Strengthen the application of green production technology to improve the intelligent and personalized design level of home industry; Improve the design level of product packaging, function promotion and brand building in food industries such as liquor, dairy industry and cold chain, promote the R&D, design and industrialization of new prefabricated dishes, and empower the food industry to develop with high quality.

  (2) Empowering emerging industries to seize the beach first.

  1. Electronic information research and development design. Vigorously develop new display and intelligent terminals, intelligent sensors, network security, 5G (fifth generation mobile communication technology) and advanced computing R&D and design. Accelerate the development of special chip design and focus on building a national special chip and packaging test base. Consolidate and enhance the advantages of R&D and design of application software in transportation, education, taxation, finance and other fields, strive to fill the shortcomings of R&D and application of industrial high-end design software, and empower the new generation of information technology industry to build a "core screen network terminal" ecosystem.

  2. R&D and design of high-end equipment. Focus on improving the design ability of large-scale complete sets of high-end equipment, strive to make breakthroughs in the design and research and development of complete sets of core technologies for fully mechanized mining and mineral processing, and build a leading industrial chain of complete sets of equipment for mines; Focusing on the construction of smart grid, we will accelerate the improvement of the design capability of complete sets of equipment such as UHV and intelligent power transmission and transformation. Efforts will be made to fill the shortcomings in the R&D and design of high-end and cutting-edge equipment such as CNC machine tools and additive manufacturing, robots, drones, laser processing, and industrial CT, and empower more high-end equipment to become "big countries".

  3. R&D design of new materials. Focus on advanced metals, new functions and high-performance nylon materials, and accelerate the improvement of R&D and design capabilities of high-quality special steel, high-performance marine steel, special alloy steel for high-end equipment and steel for core basic components. Vigorously develop and design high-end aluminum alloy products in aerospace, automobile, electronic information materials and other fields. Actively research and design high-performance new copper-based materials, magnesium alloy materials, bio-based materials, electronic-grade materials and new nylon materials, and empower our province to leap from a big province of basic materials to a strong province of new materials.

  4. Biomedical R&D design. Strengthen genetic engineering technology, research and development of biological products and new vaccines, and innovative drugs based on new targets and new mechanisms of action. Improve the secondary development and design level of classic and famous traditional Chinese medicines and famous and large varieties of Chinese patent medicines, and form a number of famous Chinese medicines and famous enterprises. Research and development design of high-end new imaging technology and intelligent medical auxiliary products. Promote the full coverage of design in the industrial chain of prevention, treatment and rehabilitation, and empower the development of biomedical "integration of rehabilitation and rehabilitation".

  5. R&D design of new energy vehicles. Comply with the development direction of electrification, networking and intelligence, improve the intelligent design ability of new energy vehicle products, accelerate the development and application of key components and systems of intelligent networked vehicles, optimize the layout design of charging pile network, hydrogenation infrastructure and intelligent transportation network facilities, promote the open sharing of charging facilities, improve the road test and demonstration application level of intelligent networked vehicles, and empower the large-scale popularization and application of intelligent networked vehicles.

  6. R&D design of new energy industry. Focusing on the development of industries such as wind energy, solar energy, biomass energy and energy storage, we will strengthen the research and development design of power batteries with high energy density, high safety, low cost and long cycle life. Strengthen the R&D and design of low-wind speed models, rapid response and large-capacity energy storage devices, develop an integrated industrial chain of photovoltaic "design+materials+silicon chips+components+power plants+applications", explore the R&D design and industrial demonstration of cellulose ethanol biorefinery, and empower new energy sources to replace "high energy consumption" in the energy consumption structure.

  7. R&D design of energy conservation and environmental protection industries. Focus on improving the R&D and design level of energy-saving motors and transformers, energy-saving boilers, energy-saving refrigeration equipment, pollution prevention equipment and materials, solid waste comprehensive utilization and other equipment and devices. Vigorously promote water-saving, clean production and other production methods. Actively carry out research and development of key core technologies for green carbon reduction. Promote the formation of a green industrial chain integrating "R&D design+carbon reduction technology+energy-saving equipment+energy-saving materials+clean production+scene operation and maintenance services", and empower the energy-saving and environmental protection industry to upgrade its "equipment+service" chain.

  (3) Empowering the prospective layout of future industries.

  1. Research and design of quantum information. Actively participate in the formulation of international and domestic standards in the field of quantum information, and focus on breaking through the research and development and design of key technologies for the preparation of core devices and devices in the direction of quantum communication, quantum computing and quantum precision measurement. Carry out key technology design and application research of "classic+quantum" hyper-converged computing system, and explore and develop quantum communication application products and core equipment. Improve the innovative application design ability of quantum information technology, and explore the pilot demonstration of integrated innovative applications such as "quantum+security government affairs" and "quantum+mobile government affairs".

  2. R&D design of hydrogen energy and energy storage. Focus on energy-saving and efficient catalytic hydrogen production, photocatalytic water decomposition hydrogen production, photosynthetic biological hydrogen production technology and magnesium-based hydrogen storage materials, photoelectric energy storage materials, key materials of hydrogen fuel cells, etc., and accelerate the design and manufacture of hydrogen energy equipment, fuel cells and core components. Improve the R&D and design level of hydrogen-fueled commercial vehicles, lay out and build an industrial chain for hydrogen fuel cell vehicle manufacturing and parts supporting, and promote the demonstration and application of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in Zhengzhou, Kaifeng, Luoyang, Xinxiang, Anyang, Jiaozuo and Puyang.

  3. Brain-like intelligence research and development design. Carry out research on cutting-edge technologies such as brain-like intelligence and human-computer hybrid enhanced intelligence, and tackle key common technologies such as perception recognition, knowledge calculation, cognitive reasoning and motor execution; Accelerate the R&D, design and industrialization of brain-like chips and systems, brain-like computers, brain-like intelligent robots, brain control equipment and intelligent prostheses. Vigorously develop and design intelligent equipment with the characteristics of complex environment perception, intelligent human-computer interaction, flexible and accurate control, and real-time collaboration among groups. Promote the application of brain-like intelligence technology and equipment in medical care, education, transportation, logistics, cultural tourism, disaster warning and other fields, and support Zhengzhou, Luoyang, Xinxiang and other places to create national pilot areas for innovative application of artificial intelligence.

  4. Future network R&D design. Focus on key areas such as 6G (the sixth generation mobile communication technology), satellite Internet and blockchain, and future application scenarios such as perceptual Internet, smart car networking, aerospace smart network and holographic communication, support basic telecom operators, information service enterprises and manufacturing enterprises to carry out forward-looking R&D and design cooperation, strengthen key core technologies such as terahertz communication, communication awareness integration and cross-chain interconnection, and explore and reserve R&D and design technologies such as networks, intelligent terminals and electronic components based on 6G.

  5. Life and health research and development design. Strengthen the R&D and design linkage among medical institutions, clinical medical research centers and pharmaceutical manufacturing enterprises, focus on the prevention and treatment needs of malignant tumors and major infectious diseases, promote the clinical application of cell technology, the construction of cell factories and the industrial design and application of synthetic biology technology, improve the R&D and design level of genetic engineering drugs, cell therapy products, high-end medical consumables and equipment, and promote the construction of life and health industrial clusters in Zhengzhou, Xuchang, Xinxiang, Nanyang and Shangqiu.

  6. Research and development design of cutting-edge new materials. Strengthen the forward-looking research in the fields of intelligent bionic materials, graphene-based new materials, third-generation semiconductors, superconducting composites, liquid metals, advanced energy storage materials, and improve the R&D and design level of new artificial crystals, carbon-based new materials, high-performance bio-based biodegradable materials, graphene modified materials and innovative components. Accelerate the demonstration of industrial design and application of advanced functional materials in the fields of automobiles and parts, rail transit, high-end equipment, aerospace, electronic information, prefabricated buildings, etc., and expand the market application space of cutting-edge new materials.

  Fourth, lead the urban modernization with architectural design

  Focusing on urban planning and design, architectural engineering, municipal engineering, water conservancy and transportation, electric power and energy, ecological environment and other engineering construction fields, we will speed up the development of high-value services such as planning consultation, engineering consultation and conceptual design, steadily implement the design-oriented general contracting model, and promote the whole-process engineering consulting service model covering investment decision-making, engineering construction, operation management and other links. Respect the law of urban development, integrate green and low carbon, humanistic care and scientific and technological innovation into design practice, protect and inherit the urban context, and promote the development of green buildings and smart cities.

  (A) to improve the urban architectural culture. Strengthen the urban design of important areas and important nodes such as urban central area, main streets, important squares, waterfront space, urban entrances and exits, and carefully design and exquisitely build a number of landmark buildings. According to the characteristics of natural environment and the context of urban development, we should dig deep into architectural cultural characteristics and cultural genes, study and sort out architectural symbols, building materials and construction techniques with distinctive regional characteristics, coordinate the design of important architectural shapes, colors, volumes and high integration, and create a distinctive urban landscape that reflects regional characteristics, cultural characteristics and the spirit of the times. Properly handle the relationship between urban construction and the protection of natural landscapes, historical and cultural resources, and build an overall urban spatial pattern of "patchwork, density, dew, and ventilation". Encourage architects to study China’s historical, traditional and regional culture deeply, make bold innovations in engineering practice, form diversified local architectural styles, and promote the inheritance and innovation of excellent traditional architectural culture.

  (2) Improve the design level of smart cities. Strengthen the application of CIM (Urban Information Model) and digital twin technology in the fields of urban physical examination, urban safety, intelligent construction, intelligent municipal administration, intelligent fire fighting, intelligent gardens, intelligent construction sites and urban comprehensive management, build an integrated perception system of urban roads, buildings and public facilities, promote the construction of "urban brain" central platform and basic platform, and integrate information in the fields of public safety, municipal management, transportation, emergency management, health and space geography. Implement intelligent transformation of municipal infrastructure, upgrade and intelligently manage municipal infrastructure such as urban water supply, drainage, gas and heat, and promote the use of information management and supervision means such as intelligent sensors, intelligent videos and automatic identification to comprehensively perceive, automatically collect, intelligently analyze and control the operation data of municipal infrastructure. Strengthen the design and construction of smart communities, improve the smart service circle that facilitates the people and benefits the people, and create an integrated smart community that integrates community services and management functions.

  (3) Improve the design level of green buildings. Comprehensively promote green building design, strengthen the technical demonstration of green building design scheme, and give play to the leading role of design in the engineering value chain. Promote the innovation of green building design concept, method and application technology, and form a green building technology system covering safety, durability, health and comfort, convenient living, resource conservation and livable environment. Strengthen the design of residential health performance and improve the design level of indoor air, water quality and sound insulation. Optimize the design of prefabricated buildings, and actively promote modular coordination and standardized design of prefabricated buildings. Encourage the efficient use of renewable energy such as shallow geothermal energy, solar energy, wind energy and waste heat resources, promote the large-scale development of ultra-low-energy buildings, and carry out pilot demonstrations of zero-carbon buildings. Encourage the application of green building materials and low-carbon technologies in the whole life cycle design of buildings. Adhere to local conditions, make use of regional natural conditions, respect urban texture, industrial characteristics and regional features, realize rational design of building layout, process layout, traffic organization, site environment, site facilities and pipe network, and promote green and low-carbon transformation and development in the field of engineering construction.

  Fifth, highlight the new form of Central Plains civilization with the design of cultural tourism.

  Cultivate the advantages of China’s excellent traditional culture, adhere to the creative design drive and innovative design empowerment, promote the deep integration of cultural tourism at a new historical starting point, vigorously carry forward the Chinese culture represented by the Yellow River culture, and accelerate the construction of our province into a Chinese cultural inheritance and innovation center and a world cultural tourist destination.

  (1) Vigorously develop cultural creativity. Give full play to the advantages of enriching cultural resources, gathering creative elements and gathering consumer markets, and vigorously develop cultural and creative industries around archaeological and cultural sites, performing arts and entertainment, animation industries, etc. Relying on Erlitou site, Shuanghuaishu site, Yinxu in Anyang, Longmen Grottoes, Shaolin Temple and other important cultural relics, we will create a number of fine film and television programs and develop a number of live performances and immersive experience projects. Develop cultural and creative products around Tang and Song costumes, Tang and Song delicacies, Tang Sancai, Jun porcelain, Ru Ci, twisted-tire porcelain, historical buildings, paintings, relics and other cultural relics, support the brand building of Yu Bo Wen Chuang, Tang Gong Wen Chuang, Yu Travel Notes, Hua Guan Wen Chuang, Longmen Wonder, enhance the influence of Wen Chuang Yu Army, and build a brand cluster of Henan Wen Chuang. Expand the influence of real-life performing arts brands such as Only Henan Drama Fantasy City, Zen Shaolin Music Grand Ceremony, Da Song Tokyo Dream China, and The Yellow Emperor’s Ancient Love, and create a number of classic real-life performing arts around Chinese cultural symbols. Relying on Zhengzhou Fangte Happy World, Silver-based Ice and Snow World, Jianye Film Town and other theme parks, we will create a number of theme park performing arts with distinctive features and rich categories. Encourage tourist cities, scenic spots and museums to create a number of immersive tourism performing arts products. Strengthen the design of animation products, give full play to the role of the national animation industry development base (Henan base), create the original IP elements of animation with Henan culture, implement animation creation support projects such as Chinese mythology, Central Plains spirit and folk stories, and launch a number of animation products with excellent traditional cultural characteristics and independent intellectual property rights.

  (2) Actively develop the design of cultural tourism. Relying on traditional villages, cultural relics, classical buildings, red bases, etc., we will promote the deep integration of culture and tourism, focus on tourism quality and individualization, optimize the design of tourist routes and scenic spots, build a number of characteristic boutique tourist routes with high standards, build cultural tourism design industrial corridors based on Zhengzhou, Luoyang and Kaifeng, and form a highland for the development of cultural tourism design industry. Introduce the design concept and technology of international popular tourist souvenirs to develop world-class tourism products. Deepen the digital design and application of "internet plus tourism" and cultural industry, and promote the digital protection and display of major cultural relics and cultural heritage such as large sites, ancient buildings, cave temples and revolutionary cultural relics, as well as major natural heritage resources such as mountains, rivers and landscapes. We will build a digital creative center integrating cultural tourism, culture and creation in the province, and realize the generation, customized consumption, intelligent service and co-management of emerging formats such as cloud exhibition, cloud entertainment, online broadcast, digital art and immersive experience at the provincial level, and create and produce products with Henan characteristics, such as online performing arts, online audio-visual, digital animation and digital publishing, so as to realize visual presentation, interactive communication, immersive experience and convenient consumption.

  (3) Inheriting and innovating arts and crafts design. Focusing on arts and crafts such as Jun porcelain, Ru Ci, Bian embroidery, jade carving, etc., we will improve the level of creative design, implant industrial design into traditional crafts, and integrate modern elements to develop arts and crafts rich in the humanistic atmosphere of the Central Plains and blending classical and modern styles. Accelerate the development and production process of art derivatives and art authorized products. Expand the intangible cultural heritage live transmission and innovate ways of utilization, and develop original products with both cultural and practical values by using new technologies, new processes, new materials and new equipment. Organize creative design institutions and experts to carry out docking diagnosis and training around the design, brand and service of arts and crafts products, improve R&D design and production and marketing capabilities, and build high-end arts and crafts brands.

  Sixth, draw a poetic pastoral of the new era with rural design spectrum.

  Encourage design resources to go to the countryside, promote the integration of design into all aspects of rural production and life, promote the integrated development of primary, secondary and tertiary industries, give birth to new formats, and promote high-quality and efficient agriculture and livable rural areas.

  (1) Accelerate the development of modern agricultural design. Focusing on ten dominant and characteristic agricultural products, such as high-quality special wheat, peanuts, grass and livestock, fruit, vegetables, flowers and trees, tea, edible fungi, Chinese herbal medicines and aquatic products, the industrial design concept is applied to improve the modern design ability and level of the whole process, such as variety selection, green breeding, production and processing, cold chain transportation and fresh-keeping sales. Strengthen the research and development design of new varieties, improve the standardization of breeding production, scale of operation, industrialization and greening of methods, and strengthen the brand design and shaping of agricultural products based on quality and safety. Strengthen the design and application of large and medium-sized, intelligent and compound agricultural machinery, and strengthen the integration design of agricultural machinery and agronomy. Strengthen the collaborative design of agricultural product value chain, implement upgrading actions such as cold chain food, snack food, characteristic functional food, pre-cooked vegetables, digital empowerment and brand design, make excellent food products, strengthen meat products, make refined oil products, make special fruit and vegetable products, revitalize wine industry, dairy industry and pharmaceutical industry (Chinese herbal medicines), and cultivate green food clusters.

  (2) Improve the design level of rural industrial integration development. Relying on rural scenery, green mountains, village buildings, local culture, folk customs and other characteristic resources, we will design and reconstruct the value chain and industrial chain, promote the deep integration of agriculture and rural areas with health, education, sports, culture, tourism, meteorology, and develop rural tourism, leisure agriculture, cultural experience, healthy old-age care and other industries. Design and develop rural health, leisure farms, sightseeing pastures, creative agriculture, exhibition training and other projects around the city to create suburban rural recreation areas. Improve the creative design level of homestays in Zhengzhou and "Three Mountains" (Dabie Mountain, Funiu Mountain and Taihang Mountain), and develop characteristic boutique homestays. With the theme of "River Oasis and Healthy Silicon Valley", the tourism industry in the Yellow River beach area is designed, and the characteristic brands of "one village, one product", "one village, one art" and "one village, one scene" are molded. Accelerate the design and development of homologous products of medicine and food, and promote the integration and development of Chinese herbal medicine industry with rural tourism and healthy old-age care.

  (3) Improve the level of creative design in beautiful countryside. Coordinate the planning and design of towns and villages in the county, pay attention to excavating local excellent traditional culture, regional characteristics, climate resources and features, and strengthen the protection and design of traditional villages and features. Villages in mountainous and hilly areas such as Taihang Mountain, Funiu Mountain and Tongbai-Dabie Mountain pay more attention to the creative design of mountain features, while rural areas in traditional agricultural areas such as Huanghuaihai Plain and Nanyang Basin pay more attention to the creative design of pastoral scenery, and rural areas with dense water networks along Huaihe River pay more attention to the creative design of river and township charm. Relying on Dabie Mountain and other revolutionary old areas, using resources such as ancient towns, ancient villages, ancient streets and ancient buildings, we will design and build a number of theme cultural towns (villages) with distinctive characteristics such as red tours and ancient tours. Relying on the modern agricultural science and technology park, we will combine production, life and ecology to design and build a number of rural pastoral complexes. We will promote the integrated design of rural environmental improvement, facility renovation and rural wind shaping, carry out the design and construction of "ten counties, hundreds of towns and thousands of villages" and create a number of beautiful homeland with beautiful villages, pastoral beauty, courtyard beauty and rural wind.

  Seven, enhance the design of Henan innovation strategy source.

  Integrate design resources, build a design platform, develop design scenarios, accelerate the construction of a design innovation ecosystem with Central Plains characteristics, and fully enhance the design innovation strategy.

  (A) to enhance the design innovation ability. Integrate all kinds of design innovation resources, build a collaborative research platform, strengthen basic research work such as design theory, design standards, design methods, design specifications and design verification, and provide basic support for the innovation and development of design industry. In view of the shortcomings of basic design research, we will explore the establishment of a mechanism of "revealing the list and taking the lead" to guide universities, scientific research institutions and enterprises to jointly tackle major design projects and create a number of "flagship" design projects. Support universities, design centers and leading enterprises to build engineering experimental platforms such as user experience laboratory, material technology laboratory, reverse engineering laboratory, rapid design verification laboratory and man-machine laboratory, and strengthen the basic support of design innovation. Support enterprises to increase investment in R&D and design, and improve innovation ability and design level. Deepen the reform of science and technology system, strengthen cooperation in Industry-University-Research, and promote the successful application and transformation of advanced innovative design achievements at home and abroad in our province.

  (2) Create a design innovation platform. Strengthen the cultivation of industrial design centers, build a step-by-step cultivation system of national, provincial and municipal industrial design centers, support the establishment of national industrial design centers, improve the level of provincial industrial design centers, encourage qualified places to carry out the cultivation and identification of municipal industrial design centers, and accelerate the construction of a number of landmark industrial design platforms in advantageous industries such as high-end equipment, green food, textiles and clothing, automobiles and modern homes. Encourage large enterprises to establish design and research institutes, accelerate the construction of provincial industrial design and research institutes, encourage striving for national industrial design and research institutes, support research institutes to innovate operation and management modes and diversified service modes, and strengthen their own hematopoietic functions. In the fields of architectural design, cultural tourism design, rural design, etc., a number of characteristic design innovation platforms will be laid out, supporting the creation of design alliances around key areas and industries, and guiding the gathering of design elements. Cultivate the design public service platform, promote the organic combination and high integration of design service links such as design, brand and talents, and continuously improve the supporting capacity of design industry development.

  (3) Promote innovative application of design. Deepen the integration and application of design in various fields of economy and society, extend the design service chain, and carry out the construction of design+demonstration projects such as "design+manufacturing", "design+culture", "design+city" and "design+village" around the scenes of industrial upgrading, cultural integration and upgrading of urban and rural areas, so as to promote the innovative development of design in the whole society with pilot demonstrations in key areas. Develop life cycle design, promote the integration of design into the whole cycle of enterprise strategic planning, product research and development, manufacturing, marketing service and commercial operation, guide enterprises to accelerate the extension from focusing on product appearance function design to high-end design service links such as R&D design, process design, business model design and service model design, and enhance the service capacity of design whole value chain and whole industry chain. Encourage design enterprises to provide diversified design services in various forms, such as order, contract and equity, and support design enterprises to realize product development, brand cultivation and design achievement transformation through cooperation methods such as patent share, brand sharing and product trading. Carry out the activity of "Design into a Hundred Enterprises Chain", explore publishing the list of enterprise design requirements on a regular basis, and rely on provincial development zones to hold design supply and demand docking activities to create a number of single-item explosions with strong design sense and large shipments.

  (4) Optimize the design of public services. Encourage all kinds of development zones to strengthen the construction of innovative and entrepreneurial bases, business incubators, creative spaces and other dual-innovation carriers, attract teachers and students, researchers and entrepreneurs from universities to settle in and incubate small and medium-sized design enterprises. Give play to the strength of industrial design and research institutes, industry associations and other organizations, build a provincial-level public service platform for design resources, and provide public services such as industry information, design tools, design standards, flexible trial production, supply and demand docking, and talent training. Support universities and research institutes to open instrument facilities and test platforms to the society, encourage the sharing of open source software, hardware and instruments and equipment, and actively carry out public services such as design consultation, online training, demand docking, achievement transformation, inspection and testing, literature and technical information retrieval, intellectual property protection, investment and financing.

  Eight, cultivate and design Henan "flagship powerhouse"

  We will carry out step-by-step cultivation of design enterprises, cultivate first-class design enterprises, build leading brands of design services, guide small and medium-sized design enterprises to take the development path of "specialization and innovation", shape design leading enterprises and design-driven brands, and cultivate the "flagship strength" of design in Henan.

  (1) Cultivate first-class design enterprises. Give full play to the advantages of our province’s market size and rich scenes, support the backbone design enterprises in the province to establish and improve the modern enterprise management system, and encourage the enterprises with design advantages to build cross-border integrated industrial groups through market-oriented mergers and acquisitions and strong alliances, and create a number of head enterprises with strong design capabilities, high visibility and great influence. Encourage brand, scale and platform operation of state-owned design institutes, support high-quality design talents such as university teachers and researchers in research institutes to set up design enterprises, and guide leading enterprises to separate R&D institutions and set up independent operation design companies. Guide design enterprises to benchmark domestic and foreign head enterprises, innovate organizational mechanism and management mode, strengthen process innovation and service innovation, and enhance the level of business development. Support qualified design enterprises to integrate upstream and downstream design resources in the industrial chain, establish strategic cooperative relations with manufacturing enterprises, brand planning companies, market channel companies, advertising companies, etc., provide customers with all-round and one-stop design services, and cultivate a number of overall design solution service providers. Encourage design enterprises to participate in international competition, support design enterprises above designated size to set up branches and undertake projects outside the province, and enhance their market development capabilities.

  (B) to enhance the professional level of small and medium-sized design enterprises. Strengthen the ladder cultivation of design enterprises, support small and medium-sized design enterprises to deepen the subdivision of industries and fields, enhance their professional service capabilities, and take the development path of "specialization and innovation". Support design companies to improve their design comprehensive service capabilities, and encourage the development from product design to overall solutions including R&D design, process design and brand planning. Support the development of various small and micro enterprises such as design studios, guide design studios to "transform themselves into enterprises", promote qualified design enterprises to "upgrade their rules", and promote professional design enterprises with significant professional advantages and strong market segment competitiveness to become bigger and stronger. Carry out support actions for small and medium-sized micro-design creative enterprises, and effectively reduce the burden on small and medium-sized micro-design creative enterprises in terms of rent subsidies, space support, financial support and public services. Encourage large enterprises to carry out design service outsourcing, support small and medium-sized enterprises to purchase design results, and expand the market scale of design services.

  (3) Enhance the brand influence of design enterprises. Encourage design institutions to transform the advantages of cultural resources in our province into industrial development advantages, pay attention to planting Henan cultural elements in design works and design schemes, and cultivate leading brands of design services with local characteristics. Support powerful design units to participate in major planning, major projects and major engineering design services, and enhance the influence and competitiveness of design brands in our province. Around the food, clothing, home, cultural tourism, agriculture and other characteristic industries, we will accelerate the cultivation of design service brands such as product design, brand design, fashion design, service design and business model design. Accelerate the guidance of innovative development mode of design enterprises, expand diversified formats such as "design+brand cultivation", "design+maker incubation" and "design+e-commerce linkage", and create a distinctive design service brand. Strengthen the cultivation of brands such as products, enterprises, industries, landmarks, parks, etc., shape a number of famous products, enterprises, gardens, famous teachers and famous institutes, and enhance the design brand image of our province. Support design enterprises around the "Z generation", new consumption, new national trends, etc., improve the level of design fashion and youthfulness, help enterprises create new products and explosions, and enrich the connotation of design Henan. Carry out the selection of design-oriented enterprises and design-driven brands, explore and promote the outstanding achievements of "Design Henan 100+", form a demonstration-driven effect, and strengthen the design concept of enterprises.

  Nine, build and design a new landmark of Henan carrier

  Support Zhengzhou to create the world’s "design capital", create a design creative corridor along the Yellow River, cultivate a design creative industry cluster, accelerate the construction of a "one core, one corridor and multiple bases" design industry development pattern, and build a number of new landmarks for designing Henan carriers.

  (A) the construction of Zhengzhou "design capital". Seize the opportunity of Zhengzhou’s national central city construction, rely on the advantages of universities, research institutes and design centers, gather design and creative elements, optimize design ecology, enhance industrial core competitiveness, enhance city soft power, speed up the construction and design of Henan pioneer area, build a "design capital" with prosperous design industry, famous brands and high reputation, and integrate into the global creative city network. Around the airport intelligent terminal, intelligent sensor in high-tech zone, information security in Jinshui District, deep processing of aluminum in gongyi city, cultural creativity in zhongmou county and other advantageous industrial clusters, we will gather design strength and form a development pattern of coordinated upgrading of design industry and advantageous industries. Relying on the high-tech zone, Longzi Lake and other colleges and universities to cultivate the design creative circle, we will enhance the development level of Ersha Cultural Creative Park, Sesame Street, Ruiguang Creative Factory and Youhua Factory Creative Park, and attract creative design enterprises and talents to gather. Support parks and buildings to focus on their advantages, create characteristic design parks and creative buildings, optimize the office environment and strengthen public services, and attract design elements.

  (2) Create a creative design corridor along the Yellow River. Highlight the protection, inheritance and innovation of the Yellow River culture, give full play to the comprehensive advantages of industrial base, cultural resources and ecological environment in Zhengzhou, Luoyang and Kaifeng, activate excellent traditional culture with "design+technology", and promote the transformation and activation of world-renowned Chinese cultural symbols such as the Yellow River, roots, kung fu, ancient capital, characters and poems in modern products and brands. Guide the planning and construction of a number of landmark cultural and creative gathering areas in Wenbo District with Henan Museum, Zhengzhou Museum, Luoyang Museum and Erlitou Xiadu Site Museum as the core. Fully mobilize the enthusiasm of Jiaozuo, Xinxiang, Sanmenxia, Jiyuan, Puyang and other cities to develop design industries, follow the law of regional industrial development, develop characteristic design industries according to local conditions, plan and build urban theme design creative space and design creative industrial blocks, attract design talents, institutions, funds and other factors to gather, build and improve the design industry ecology, and lead the transformation and upgrading of regional industries. Integrate into the ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin, carry out green design demonstrations based on the whole life cycle of products, and promote the integrated development of "design+ecology". Build a platform for urban design exchange along the Yellow River, create a good integrated development atmosphere, and enhance the advantages of regional design and brand cluster.

  (3) Cultivate professional design parks. Guide the cluster development of creative design industry, improve the construction level of national intellectual property creative industry pilot park, Zhongyuan Industrial Design City and other design parks, attract and gather design enterprises and upstream and downstream enterprises in the design industry ecological chain, and promote the cluster development of design industry. Encourage all localities to build a low-cost, convenient, all-factor, open "design workshop" and "creative workshop" and other design enterprise incubation space carriers through the transformation of industrial sites, the transformation of old factories, the utilization of vacant buildings and the upgrading of traditional commercial facilities. Support all localities to build a number of professional design parks (bases) such as industrial design and cultural creativity relying on advantageous industries and characteristic industrial clusters.

  Ten, accelerate the digital transformation of Henan design.

  Around the digitalization, intellectualization and collaboration of the design process, we will build a design collaboration network to create and share, cultivate new modes and formats of the design industry, and create a digital collaborative design ecosystem.

  (A) to enhance the digital level of the design industry. Support the design industry to "use numbers to give wisdom", build a cross-industry and cross-domain platform for sharing crowdsourcing design, open up data interfaces and tap data value. Make full use of the Internet, big data, artificial intelligence and other new information technologies to build a collaborative innovation service cloud platform for industrial design in the province, realize the interconnection of various design resources, design institutions and design requirements, build a networked design environment with reasonable resource allocation, clear professional division of labor, interactive sharing of data and integration of results systems, and explore a new mode of design collaboration. Guide universities, scientific research institutions and leading enterprises to jointly establish design databases, focus on key areas, support the construction of data resource platforms such as human psychophysiology database, CMF (color/material/technology) database, traditional cultural design factor database, component database, product atlas database and design project case database, and encourage characteristic design enterprises and industrial design centers to establish industry databases to provide basic data support for design. Deepen the integration and application of artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing, virtual reality and other technologies, carry out digital simulation of structure, function and performance, improve design efficiency, optimize design schemes and display design results. Support design scientific research institutions and leading enterprises to establish open source design communities, and improve the level of modularization and componentization of design.

  (2) Promote the integration and innovation of business formats. Guided by creative design, we will accelerate the deep integration and development of design industry with manufacturing, construction, cultural tourism, modern agriculture, recreation, education, sports and other industries, promote the infiltration of the whole process of design, embed the whole chain and empower all fields, and select a number of "design+"integrated development demonstration projects. Encourage design enterprises to develop new design modes such as crowdsourcing design and user participation in design, cultivate new formats such as intelligent creation, cloud display, interactive media, and scientific and technological design, improve collaborative design and rapid service capabilities, and create a "design+"new model and new format demonstration benchmark. Support design institutes and key design enterprises to build the design industry Internet, develop new design service modes such as crowdsourcing design, customized design and network collaborative design, and enhance the ability of design collaboration and co-creation.

  (3) Developing design software and tools. Accelerate the development and application of design software and tools, accelerate the strategic development and application of basic and key R&D design software such as CAD (Computer Aided Design), CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) and EDA (Electronic Design Automation), and support the construction of CAD/CAE/CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) platform integrating product design, mold design, process analysis and manufacturing. Support the development of collaborative design application systems based on technologies such as BIM (Building Information Model), 5G (Fifth Generation Mobile Communication Technology) and cloud computing, and promote the integrated development of BIM software and CIM (City Information Model) platform. Support software enterprises and design companies to develop a number of advanced and applicable software and hardware tools that run through the whole process of design activities, build an advanced and applicable design tool system, and vigorously promote demonstrations. Support the construction of development tool platforms such as simulation software and design software, promote the application of special design and simulation software in special industries and fields, provide scaffolding and product prototype verification for design, and shorten the development cycle and cost.

  Xi. Building and designing Henan talent gathering place

  We will implement the growth plan of 100 outstanding designers and 1,000 young cutting-edge designers, build an echelon of design talents with reasonable structure, unity and cooperation and step-by-step development, and build a highland for design talents to gather.

  (1) Introduce and cultivate high-end talents. We will launch a special campaign to attract talents and talents in design, support enterprises to introduce high-end design talents to the world, focus on introducing first-class design talents and teams at home and abroad, and encourage enterprises to explore the establishment of a chief designer system. Increase the support of leading talents such as engineering survey and design masters and arts and crafts masters. Establish a flexible talent introduction mechanism to encourage outstanding young design talents to come to Henan to innovate and start businesses and set up studios. Cultivate independent designer brands, implement the growth plan of 100 outstanding designers and 1,000 young cutting-edge designers, support designers to set up studios, open social media accounts, support running for national design masters, and organize activities such as selecting provincial and municipal design masters, top ten designers and design industry promoters. Increase the publicity and promotion of outstanding design achievements and outstanding figures, encourage all localities to reward institutions and individuals who have won important design awards at home and abroad, and comprehensively enhance the influence of design Henan.

  (2) Innovative personnel training mode. Accelerate the exploration and establishment of an educational model and a talent training model conducive to the growth of design talents. Encourage colleges and universities to combine the construction of "new engineering" and "new liberal arts", optimize the structure of design majors, improve the curriculum system, strengthen the construction of interdisciplinary design disciplines, popularize the CDIO (conception-design-realization-operation) engineering education model, and build a number of first-class design majors. Encourage colleges and universities to carry out Sino-foreign cooperation in running schools, face industrial needs and future development, and cultivate compound and high-level design talents. Support colleges and universities to deepen the integration of production and education, school-enterprise cooperation, and build a number of design modern industrial colleges and industrial software colleges. Strengthen the construction of design training bases, encourage national and provincial industrial design centers, research institutes and design creative parks to build design training bases, and support industry organizations and incubators to establish design training bases for SMEs. Hold advanced design seminars, and organize 50 enterprise managers, researchers and designers to hold special training courses in well-known domestic design colleges every year to promote the knowledge updating and skills upgrading of design talents at different levels. Encourage primary and secondary schools to carry out the enlightenment education of design thinking and innovation consciousness, create the "Future Design Star Workshop" in primary and secondary schools, and improve the awareness of young people’s design culture.

  (3) Improve the talent incentive policy. Incorporate qualified design talents into the scope of introduction and training of high-level talents, and enjoy talent policy treatment according to regulations. Innovate the incentive mechanism for the growth of design talents, promote the evaluation and grading of professional titles of Henan design talents, explore the increase of professional titles of industrial design, graphic design, cultural and creative design, and smooth the career development channels of design professionals. Deeply connect with the national talent plan, make good use of provincial and local talent policies, improve the salary and welfare, children’s education, social security and other systems, and create a good atmosphere for high-end design intellectual resources at home and abroad to live and work in peace. Increase the employment support of design graduates in universities and vocational colleges, strengthen the policy guarantee for graduates in entrepreneurship, life and housing, and expand the supply of design talents. Implement the return project of Henan design talents, and promote the return of Henan design talents to Henan for entrepreneurship and employment.

  Twelve, expand the design of Henan open communication.

  Fully connect international and domestic design resources, cultivate brands of design activities such as "competition", "award", "meeting" and "week", and enhance the brand influence and open communication of Henan design.

  (1) Strengthen open cooperation and exchanges. Strengthen the docking of international and domestic design resources, promote exchanges and cooperation in the design field with Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea and other countries and developed design provinces such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong and Zhejiang, support enterprises to set up design centers abroad or acquire foreign design institutions, send outstanding designers for training and exchange abroad, strengthen exchanges and mutual learning in the design field, and support design enterprises in our province to jointly undertake major design projects with international design brands. We will launch a special campaign to attract investment from design and creative industries, draw a design industry map, set up a special investment class, vigorously introduce high-end design institutions, support well-known design parks to build design industrial parks in our province, encourage first-class design enterprises and research institutes at home and abroad to set up R&D design institutions in Henan, and attract well-known designers at home and abroad to set up master studios in Henan. Encourage multinational enterprises and large enterprise groups to set up design centers in our province and strengthen strategic cooperation with design platforms and companies in our province. Support design platforms and enterprises in our province to participate in global cultural and creative fashion industry conference, world industrial design conference, Shanghai International Cultural and Creative Industry Expo, international conference on global cultural and creative industry cooperation and development, global digital cultural and creative industry development conference, Shenzhen International Industrial Design Exhibition, etc., and connect international and domestic design elements resources.

  (2) Holding important sports events. Highlight the brand of "one competition, one prize, one meeting and one week" design activities, hold high-level design competitions in the whole province, set up design awards, explore the holding of international cultural and creative fairs, support the establishment of Central Plains Design Week, accelerate the gathering of high-end design resources, increase the supply of high-end design, and enhance the influence of design in Henan. Encourage qualified localities, industry organizations and head enterprises to hold city-level and industry-level design competitions, support various localities to hold design festivals, design weeks, achievement exhibitions and other diversified activities based on regional advantages, continue to run "Creative Henan" art design competition, rural creative design competition, cultural tourism creative competition, Heluo hotel design competition and other activities, support various regions, industries and fields to hold various design exhibition and exchange activities according to local conditions, and actively cultivate regional design and brand cluster advantages. Accelerate the introduction of a number of major design activities with strong industry influence and remarkable driving effect, such as design forums, design competitions and exhibitions. Support enterprises to actively participate in China Excellent Industrial Design Award, National Excellent Survey and Design Award, German iF Design Award and other well-known awards selection activities at home and abroad, and publicize and promote the design brand image of our province.

  Thirteen, improve the design of Henan to promote the new mechanism.

  (1) Strengthen organizational leadership. Give full play to the organization and coordination role of the design Henan construction work class, further improve the working mechanism, coordinate and solve major problems, and deploy and implement major projects. All member units shall, in accordance with the division of responsibilities, strengthen coordination, guidance and coordination, and conscientiously implement the tasks. Governments at all levels should, according to this plan, refine the division of responsibilities, establish working mechanisms, implement tasks and initiatives, and ensure the completion of planning objectives and tasks.

  (2) Strengthen policy support. Make full use of financial, financial, scientific and technological support policies to promote the development of design industry. Encourage design enterprises to declare high-tech enterprises and small and medium-sized science and technology enterprises and enjoy preferential tax policies. Guide banking financial institutions to give priority to credit support to enterprises with advanced design level and strong driving and supporting functions. Encourage relevant social organizations or enterprises to set up design industry development funds. Encourage enterprises and individuals to apply for patents, registered trademarks and registered copyrights for design achievements, strengthen the protection and services of design intellectual property rights, and intensify the crackdown on intellectual property rights infringement.

  (3) Highlight project support. Adhere to the "project is king", keep a close eye on the objectives and tasks, make the work project-oriented, scheme-oriented and inventory-oriented, and carry out the "three batches" activities in a normal way. To establish and design the dynamic project library of Henan construction, it is necessary to strengthen communication and coordination with the provincial development and Reform Commission and other departments, and to include qualified projects in the provincial key project library to jointly promote the construction of major projects. Fully study the demand for relevant elements of major projects, connect with the planning of land space, transportation, urban and rural construction and ecological protection at all levels, and ensure the implementation of projects. Plan, reserve and start a number of supporting, leading and landmark major projects around key areas such as industrial design, architectural design, cultural tourism design and rural design.

  (4) Improve the supervision system. Improve the monitoring and evaluation mechanism of planning implementation, and carry out planning implementation evaluation by tasks and stages through various forms such as third-party evaluation, so as to find problems in time and optimize policies and measures. Give full play to the role of assessment "baton", dynamically monitor and track the implementation of the plan, and form a dynamic adjustment mechanism. According to the requirements of traceability, evaluability and acceptance, the supervision and evaluation system of planning implementation is established.

  (5) create a good environment. Encourage and guide all sectors of society to participate in the implementation of the plan and actively contribute. Give play to the role of news media, carry out multi-level and multi-form publicity and education activities, popularize design concepts, timely summarize and publicize advanced experiences and typical practices of planning implementation in various places, strengthen policy interpretation and publicity, and guide all sectors of society and the broad masses to pay attention to and support the design of Henan construction, thus forming a good social atmosphere.

Design Henan Construction Action Plan (2022-2025)

  This action plan is formulated in order to implement the deployment of the "Top Ten Henan" construction work of the provincial party committee and government, give full play to the leading role of design in empowering high-quality economic and social development, and accelerate the construction and design of Henan.

  I. General requirements

  (1) Guiding ideology. Adhere to the guidance of the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era, base on the new development stage, implement the new development concept completely, accurately and comprehensively, actively serve and integrate into the new development pattern, focus on anchoring the "two guarantees" and implementing the "ten strategies", adhere to the direction of high-quality development, and focus on four major areas (industrial design, architectural design, cultural tourism design and rural design). We will implement six major actions (improving innovation ability, cultivating design enterprises, building platform carriers, integrating digital and intellectual development, introducing design talents, and deepening open cooperation), promote the full penetration and high empowerment of design in all economic and social fields, and strive to form a high-energy design industrial system and an empowerment system, which will provide important support for building a modern Henan with high quality and realizing it with high level.

  (2) Development goals. By 2025, design has been widely and deeply applied in various fields, and the design of Henan construction has achieved remarkable results. 20 national industrial design centers and 300 provincial industrial design centers have been built, 50 leading domestic design enterprises have been introduced and cultivated, and 50 characteristic design parks (bases) have been built; Build 10 first-class design schools, introduce and cultivate 10 design masters with international influence, and train 10,000 outstanding designers; Significant progress has been made in the construction of Zhengzhou as a "design capital". The province’s design industry has reached 500 billion yuan, initially building a new highland of design industry leading the central region, radiating the whole country and linking the whole world.

  Second, the main direction

  (1) Strengthen industrial design. Adhere to industrial design as the top priority in designing Henan, and empower the high-quality development of manufacturing industry with industrial design. We will implement special actions to improve the design capability of manufacturing industry, improve the integrated design capability and solution service capability of equipment manufacturing industry, improve the product function, packaging and brand design capability of food industry, improve the energy-saving and environmental protection design level of steel, nonferrous metals, chemicals and building materials, and improve the personalized customization and fashion creative design level of home appliances, textiles and garments. Focusing on the cultivation and growth of emerging industries and the layout of future industries, we will focus on filling the design shortcomings in the fields of high-end equipment, new energy vehicles, next-generation information technology, biomedicine, hydrogen energy storage, etc., accelerate the development of integrated circuit design, power battery and charging system design, UHV power transmission and transformation complete equipment design, intelligent agricultural machinery design, etc., and strive to achieve new breakthroughs in key components, new materials, and core technology application design. Support enterprises to collect application design experience, knowledge, algorithms, etc., accelerate the development of industrial software, and provide basic support for the development of design industry. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Industry and Information Technology, Development and Reform Commission, Science and Technology Department, Agriculture and Rural Department)

  (2) Do a good job in architectural design. Create an urban space where production, life and ecology are integrated through innovative design. Focusing on urban planning and design, architectural engineering, municipal engineering, water conservancy and transportation, electric power and energy, ecological environment and other engineering construction fields, we will speed up the development of high-value services such as planning consultation, engineering consultation and conceptual design, and implement whole-process engineering consultation and design-oriented general contracting. Improve the architectural design level of characteristic cultural cities, promote the organic renewal of cities, the natural harmony and integration of old and new buildings, shape the architectural features of cities, protect and inherit the urban context, and encourage all localities to build landmark buildings with strong local cultural styles. Improve the design level of smart cities, coordinate the layout of traditional and new infrastructure, promote the "design+wisdom" integrated construction mode of urban buildings, encourage all localities to build "urban brains" and create smart urban space. Develop green building design, improve the design level of photovoltaic buildings and prefabricated buildings, and promote the construction of eco-cities. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Department of Transportation, Development and Reform Commission)

  (3) Do the design of Jingwen Travel. Adhere to culture as the "root" and "soul" of design, and vigorously develop cultural and creative industries. Focusing on the construction of a Chinese cultural heritage and innovation center and a world cultural tourist attraction, we will highlight the leading role of cultural tourism design, creatively design a number of cultural products that continue the historical context of the Yellow River and tell the story of the Yellow River well, and vigorously carry forward Chinese culture represented by the Yellow River culture. Around the world-renowned Chinese cultural symbols such as the Yellow River, roots, Kung Fu, ancient capitals and characters, creative designs and scenes reproduce the brilliant achievements made by the Central Plains in the evolution of Chinese civilization, build a number of cultural tourism destinations with world influence, launch a number of cultural tourism boutique routes with global influence, and empower Zheng Bianluo to build an "international cultural tourism capital" with cultural tourism design boutique. Improve the design level of arts and crafts, and rely on platforms and resources such as master studios of arts and crafts and intangible cultural heritage of human beings to empower Ru Ci, Jun porcelain, Bian embroidery, jade carving and other arts and crafts industries to develop with high quality, brand and internationalization. (Responsible unit: Provincial Department of Culture and Tourism, Department of Commerce, Department of Industry and Information Technology)

  (4) Do beautiful rural design. Improve the level of creative design in agriculture and rural areas, and empower the development of rural industries and the construction of beautiful countryside. Improve the creative design level of beautiful countryside, promote the planning, design and construction of county towns and villages according to local conditions, and focus on the protection, development and design of characteristic towns, historical and cultural towns (villages), ancient villages and ancient dwellings, so as to create a number of beautiful towns and beautiful countryside, continue the cultural texture of villages, and retain nostalgia. Improve the design level of integrated development of rural industries, pay attention to the multiple functions of agriculture and rural areas, actively develop creative agriculture, leisure agriculture, rural tourism, fitness and health care, and create a number of excellent parks and rural pastoral complexes with land landscape, farmland art and leisure agriculture. Improve the design level of agricultural products, focus on leading industries such as noodles, meat, oil, milk, fruits and vegetables, carry out the design of the whole industrial chain, accelerate the quality improvement, product development and brand building, and promote the personalized, high-end, artistic and quality development of agricultural products and processed products. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of Culture and Tourism, Department of Industry and Information Technology, etc.)

  III. Main tasks

  (a) the implementation of design innovation ability to enhance action.

  1. Activate the source of design innovation. Use all kinds of design innovation resources in our province to support enterprises to increase investment in R&D and design, and improve their innovation ability and level. Deepen the reform of science and technology system, strengthen cooperation in Industry-University-Research, and promote the successful application and transformation of advanced innovation achievements at home and abroad in our province. Strengthen the research and innovation of design theory, basic data, design specifications and design standards, and provide basic support for the innovative development of design industry. (Responsible unit: Provincial Department of Industry and Information Technology, Science and Technology Department, Education Department)

  2. Create a design innovation platform. Encourage large enterprises to set up design institutes and small and medium-sized enterprises to set up design centers (departments). Accelerate the construction of provincial industrial design and research institutes and encourage striving for national industrial design and research institutes. Strengthen the cultivation of provincial industrial design centers and support the creation of national industrial design centers. Encourage qualified places to carry out the cultivation and identification of municipal industrial design centers. Build a number of innovative platforms or alliances for characteristic design in the fields of architectural design, cultural tourism design and rural design. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Culture and Tourism, Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, etc.)

  3. Promote innovative application of design. Promote the integration of design into the whole cycle of enterprise strategic planning, product research and development, manufacturing, marketing service and commercial operation, and deepen the infiltration and integration of design in all fields of society. Extend the industrial chain of design, carry out the construction of design+demonstration projects such as "design+manufacturing", "design+culture", "design+city" and "design+village", and promote the innovative development of design in the whole society with pilot demonstrations in key areas. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Culture and Tourism, Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, etc.)

  (two) the implementation of the main design training action.

  1. Cultivate first-class design enterprises. Benchmark leading enterprises at home and abroad, give play to the market advantages of our province, support key design enterprises to establish and improve modern enterprise management systems, and create a number of head enterprises with strong design capabilities, high visibility and great influence through market-oriented mergers and acquisitions. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Department of Culture and Tourism, Department of Industry and Information Technology)

  2. Develop specialized small and medium-sized enterprises. Strengthen the ladder cultivation of design enterprises and increase the support of small and medium-sized enterprises. Support small and medium-sized design enterprises to focus on subdividing industries and fields, improve their professional service capabilities, create service brands, and take the development path of "specialization and innovation". Encourage large enterprises to carry out design service outsourcing, support small and medium-sized enterprises to purchase design results, and expand the market scale of design services. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Department of Culture and Tourism, Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Development and Reform Commission)

  3. Shaping the design brand image of our province. Encourage design institutions to transform the advantages of cultural resources in our province into industrial development advantages, and pay attention to planting Henan cultural elements in design works and design schemes. Support powerful design units to participate in major planning, major projects and major engineering design services. Strengthen the cultivation of brands such as products, enterprises, industries, landmarks, parks, etc., shape a number of famous products, enterprises, gardens, famous teachers and famous institutes, enhance the brand image of design in our province, and enrich the connotation of design in Henan. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Department of Culture and Tourism, Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of Transportation, and Market Supervision Bureau)

  (three) the implementation of platform carrier construction action.

  1. Create a "design capital". Seize the opportunity to build Zhengzhou into a national central city, optimize the design innovation ecology, gather the elements of design and industrial innovation, enhance the core competitiveness of the industry, enhance city soft power, accelerate the creation of a pioneering area for the design of Henan, and build a "design capital" with prosperous design industry, famous brands and high reputation. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Department of Culture and Tourism, Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs)

  2. Build a professional design park. Improve the construction level of national intellectual property creative industry pilot park, Zhongyuan Industrial Design City and other design parks, attract and gather design enterprises and upstream and downstream enterprises in the design industry ecological chain, and promote the development of design industry agglomeration. Support all localities to build a number of professional design parks (bases) such as industrial design and cultural creativity by relying on advantageous industries and characteristic industrial clusters, and create provincial-level design and creative industrial bases. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Department of Culture and Tourism, Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs)

  3. Improve the level of public services. Encourage all kinds of development zones to strengthen the construction of service platforms such as innovation and entrepreneurship bases, business incubators and creative spaces, encourage the sharing of open source software, hardware and instruments, and actively carry out public services such as design consultation, online training, demand docking, achievement transformation, inspection and testing, literature and technical information retrieval, intellectual property protection, investment and financing. (Responsible unit: Provincial Development and Reform Commission, Department of Science and Technology, Department of Commerce, Department of Industry and Information Technology)

  (four) the implementation of digital and intellectual integration development action.

  1. Improve the digital level of design. Increase the promotion and application of design software and tools, deepen the integrated application of artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing, virtual reality and other technologies, carry out digital simulation of structure, function and performance, improve design efficiency, optimize design scheme, display design results and promote brand image. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Department of Culture and Tourism)

  2. Promote the integration and development of formats. Guided by design creativity, we will accelerate the deep integration and development of design industry with manufacturing, architecture, cultural tourism, modern agriculture, education, sports and other industries, and promote the infiltration of the whole process of design, the embedding of the whole chain and the empowerment of all fields. Support the design industry to "use numbers to give wisdom", build a cross-industry and cross-domain platform for sharing crowdsourcing design, open up data interfaces, tap data value, and cultivate new formats such as intelligent creation, cloud display, interactive media, and scientific and technological design. (Responsible unit: Provincial Department of Industry and Information Technology, Development and Reform Commission)

  3. Develop design software and tools. Accelerate the strategic research and development, application and layout of basic and key R&D design software such as CAD, CAE and EDA, and support the construction of CAD/CAE/CAM platform integrating product design, mold design, process analysis and manufacturing. Encourage the development of software and hardware tools that run through the whole process of industrial design activities, such as user experience, modeling and rendering, virtual reality, template manufacturing and surface treatment. (Responsible unit: Provincial Department of Industry and Information Technology, Development and Reform Commission, Science and Technology Department)

  (five) the implementation of the design talent introduction action.

  1. Introduce and cultivate high-end talents. Incorporate design talents into the scope of introduction and training of high-level talents, focusing on introducing first-class design talents and teams at home and abroad. Increase the support of leading talents such as engineering survey and design masters and arts and crafts masters. Encourage young outstanding design talents to come to Henan for innovation and entrepreneurship, and strengthen the continuing education and training of design professionals. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Human Resources and Social Security, Department of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development)

  2. Innovative talent training mode. Encourage colleges and universities to optimize the design curriculum system, strengthen the construction of interdisciplinary design majors, promote CDIO engineering education mode, and build a number of first-class design majors that meet world standards. Support colleges and universities to deepen the integration of production and education, school-enterprise cooperation, build a number of design modern industrial colleges and industrial software colleges, and build a number of off-campus practice education bases. Carry forward the spirit of artisans and explore new titles of industrial design professionals. Encourage primary and secondary schools to carry out the enlightenment education of design thinking and innovation consciousness, create the "Future Design Star Workshop" in primary and secondary schools, and improve the awareness of young people’s design culture. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Education, Department of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Department of Culture and Tourism)

  (6) Implementing actions to deepen opening-up and cooperation.

  1. Strengthen open cooperation and exchanges. Vigorously introduce high-end design institutions, encourage first-class design enterprises and research institutes at home and abroad to set up R&D design institutions in Henan, attract famous designers at home and abroad to set up master studios in Henan, and carry out in-depth cooperation with relevant institutions and enterprises in our province. Support enterprises to set up design centers abroad or acquire foreign design institutions, send outstanding industrial designers abroad for training and exchange, and strengthen exchanges and cooperation in the design field. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Commerce, Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Department of Culture and Tourism, Department of Transportation, etc.)

  2. Hold important events. Actively undertake events, forums, expositions and other activities with great influence at home and abroad, hold high-level industrial design competitions, architectural design competitions, cultural tourism creative design competitions, rural creative design competitions and other activities in the province, and encourage all localities to hold design festivals, design weeks, achievement exhibitions and other special activities. Support enterprises to actively participate in China Excellent Industrial Design Award, National Excellent Survey and Design Award, German iF Design Award and other well-known awards selection activities at home and abroad, publicize and promote the design brand image of our province, and enhance the influence of Henan Design. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Human Resources and Social Security, Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Department of Culture and Tourism, Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of Commerce, Department of Education, Department of Transportation, etc.)

  Fourth, safeguard measures

  (1) Strengthen organizational leadership. The provincial design Henan construction work class coordinated and promoted the implementation of this plan. All relevant units shall, in accordance with the division of responsibilities, strengthen coordination and promote the implementation of various tasks. Give full play to the guiding and coordinating role of industry associations, industry alliances and other organizations, carry out industry research, provide industry services, strengthen industry self-discipline and promote the development of industry norms.

  (2) Strengthen policy support. Study and introduce policies to support the high-quality development of the design industry. Encourage enterprises and institutions to increase investment in design, and implement the pre-tax deduction policy for design fees in accordance with state regulations. Encourage enterprises and individuals to apply for patents, registered trademarks and registered copyrights for design achievements, strengthen the protection and services of industrial design intellectual property rights, and intensify the crackdown on intellectual property rights infringement. Encourage banks and other financial institutions to provide comprehensive financial products and special financial services for design enterprises, and carry out mortgage (pledge) loan business such as intellectual property rights and income rights.

  (3) create a good environment. Establish and improve the statistical system and index system of design industry, strengthen monitoring, analysis and judgment, and issue a report on the development of design industry. Carry out multi-level and multi-form publicity and education activities to popularize design concepts. Relying on the activity of "ten thousand people help ten thousand enterprises", organize industrial design to enter the park and enterprises, do a good job in publicity and promotion of typical cases and support policies, and create a good atmosphere for the whole society to understand, pay attention to and support the design of Henan construction.

91,800 pickups are reliable, durable and fuel-efficient.

In terms of design, the new car adopts a brand-new design language, which is more atmospheric. The front net is domineering and matched with the "Dongfeng" logo, which makes the front face of the vehicle look fashionable. The sharp headlights on both sides and the internal light groups are patchy and bright when lit. The side is still the unique shape of Dongfeng, and the enchanting figure is vividly displayed! It helps to highlight the shape of Ruiqi 6. In the rear modeling part, Ruiqi 6 adopts many popular design elements, and the tail taillight modeling also has a certain sense of advanced.

In terms of interior, this car is also very classy. The large leather coverage of the steering wheel brings a good sense of luxury. The T-shaped center console has a large soft material package area and a soft feel. It is equipped with a 7.0-inch LCD screen with clear display and relatively young design. The front row is also equipped with an automatic air conditioning control system to freely debug the most comfortable space atmosphere. The leather seat looks very textured.

The length, width and height are 5310×1850×1810mm respectively, and the wheelbase has reached 3150mm. In the same class, the wheelbase of Ruiqi 6 ranks 19th. Among the models of the same price and class, the trunk volume of Ruiqi 6 ranks 13th. It can basically meet the luggage space for family travel. But there is no extra hidden storage space.

Ruiqi 6 is equipped with a 2.3 engine with a maximum output of 120kW and a maximum torque of 380Nm. The whole power parameters are superior in power performance among engines of the same class, which can provide better power performance. Ranked 10 th among 80,000-120,000 pickup trucks.

The active/passive safety configuration of Ruiqi 6 is complete, includingAutomatic parkingZero tire pressure endurance tireAutomatic parkingSteep slope descenthill start assist controlknee airbagHUD head-up displayAnti-lock braking (ABS)Braking force distribution (EBD/CBC, etc.)Brake assist (EBA/BAS, etc.)Traction control (ASR/TCS, etc.)Active noise reductionEngine start and stopSide safety air curtainWireless charging of mobile phonenight vision systemLED daytime running lightsForward reversing radarTire pressure monitoringSteering wheel heatingBody stability control (ESP/DSC, etc.)Rear reversing radarFatigue reminderRemote parkingChild seat interfaceLane keeping (LKAS)Equal configuration.

Among them,Automatic parkingYou can avoid stepping on the brakes for a long time or needing to pull frequently;Steep slope descentCan safely pass through steep slope road conditions at low speed;knee airbagReduce the injury of the car interior to the occupant’s knees in the secondary collision.

In order to get a more comprehensive and objective understanding of Ruiqi 6, you can go to the forum of Yiqi Ruiqi 6 and browse the messages of users who have bought the car in history.

National Medical Insurance Bureau: Ten pharmacies were dealt with for illegal use of medical insurance funds, and many of them were chain pharmacies.

CCTV News:On March 30th, the website of the National Health Insurance Bureau exposed 10 typical cases of illegal use of medical insurance funds by designated retail pharmacies. It involves the settlement of medical insurance expenses for non-medical insurance designated retail pharmacies, the exchange of drugs and health care products outside the medical insurance catalogue with drugs in the medical insurance catalogue for settlement, the issuance of false drug purchase documents to cash back the insured, and the inconsistency of drug purchase, sale and storage data. The above-mentioned illegal acts caused the loss of medical insurance fund and harmed the vital interests of the majority of insured people. Designated retail pharmacies should strictly abide by the relevant laws, regulations and rules of medical insurance. The medical security department should crack down on illegal activities such as fraudulent insurance in designated retail pharmacies through daily supervision, on-site inspection, intelligent monitoring and big data analysis in accordance with the law, improve the efficiency of the use of medical insurance funds, and better protect the rights and interests of the majority of insured personnel.

1. Case of illegal use of medical insurance fund by Inner Mongolia Ruichen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

In August 2021, the Medical Security Bureau of Hohhot City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region received a report clue, reflecting that Inner Mongolia Ruichen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. was suspected of illegally using the medical insurance fund. By collecting the sales records from January to July, 2021 and the data uploaded by the medical insurance system, the inspectors found that some drugs (such as Erding Granules, Huangqijing Granules, Shiquan Dabu Ointment, Qihu Hawthorn Granules, etc.) in the pharmacy were inconsistent in purchase, sale and storage, and the medical insurance fund was overcharged by 23,004.50 yuan. According to the "Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of the Use of Medical Insurance Funds", the results of the local medical insurance department are as follows: 1. Recover the medical insurance funds illegally used by the pharmacy and impose a fine of 2 times the illegal amount; 2. Interview the person in charge of the pharmacy and order it to be rectified within a time limit, and make irregular return visits to check the rectification of the pharmacy to ensure that the rectification is implemented. At present, the lost medical insurance fund of 23,004.50 yuan has been fully recovered, and the administrative fine of 46,009.00 yuan has been fully paid.

2. The case of illegal use of medical insurance fund by Tiedong Branch of Chengxin Yonghong Pharmacy Chain Co., Ltd. in Siping City, Jilin Province

In February, 2021, the Medical Insurance Bureau of Siping City, Jilin Province received the "Audit Transfer Handling Letter of the Audit Office of Jilin Province on the Issue of Taking Medical Insurance Fund from Tiedong Branch of Siping Chengxin Yonghong Pharmacy Chain Co., Ltd.", and the Siping Medical Insurance Bureau and Siping Audit Bureau formed a joint investigation team to seriously investigate and verify the situation reflected in the transfer handling letter. After investigation, there were some problems in the pharmacy, such as the untimely maintenance of drugs in the medical insurance catalogue and the replacement of drugs outside the medical insurance catalogue with drugs in the catalogue, resulting in the loss of medical insurance fund of 147,044.32 yuan. According to the Service Agreement of Designated Drugstore of Jilin Province’s Basic Medical Insurance in 2020, the local medical insurance department handled the following results: 1. Recover the loss of medical insurance fund caused by the pharmacy, refuse to pay all the deposit and reserve fund of the pharmacy of 882,343.09 yuan, and refuse to pay all the unsettled medical insurance fund of 794,973.05 yuan; 2. Dissolve the medical insurance service agreement of the pharmacy, and you may not apply for medical insurance within three years. At present, the lost medical insurance fund of 147,044.32 yuan has been fully recovered.

3. The case of illegal use of medical insurance fund by Huolong Store of Nantong Jianghai Pharmacy Chain Co., Ltd., Nantong City, Jiangsu Province

In March 2022, the Medical Security Bureau of Haimen District, Nantong City, Jiangsu Province discovered through remote video surveillance that there was a violation of the rules of drug exchange in the Cargo Long Store of Nantong Jianghai Pharmacy Chain Co., Ltd. Upon verification, the Cargo Long Store of Nantong Jianghai Pharmacy Chain Co., Ltd. has empty medical insurance cards to withdraw cash, swiping medical insurance cards for non-designated pharmacies, dispensing medicines with people’s certificates and other acts in violation of medical insurance regulations, involving the illegal use of medical insurance funds of 13,564.58 yuan. According to the Service Agreement of Nantong Basic Medical Insurance Designated Retail Pharmacy, the local medical insurance department handled the following results: 1. Recover the medical insurance fund illegally used by the pharmacy of 13,564.58 yuan, and deduct the penalty of 35,000.00 yuan; 2. Dissolve the medical insurance service agreement of the pharmacy, and you may not apply for medical insurance within three years; 3. Deduct 40 points from the institutional credit score of the pharmacy in 2022. At present, the lost medical insurance fund of 13,564.58 yuan and the liquidated damages of 35,000.00 yuan have all been recovered.

4. The case of illegal use of medical insurance fund by Shengde Pharmacy in Xinyu City, Jiangxi Province

In March, 2022, Xinyu Medical Security Bureau of Jiangxi Province and the Municipal Market Supervision Administration conducted an on-site inspection of the use of medical insurance funds by 30 designated retail pharmacies in the city from January, 2020 to November, 2021, and found that Xinyu Shengde Pharmacy was suspected of illegally using medical insurance funds. After verification, the pharmacy has the following violations: (1) brushing medical insurance cards for non-medical insurance designated pharmacies; Incorporate Chinese herbal pieces that cannot be paid by single taste into the medical insurance fund for settlement; The actual sales quantity of some drugs is less than the medical insurance bookkeeping quantity; Swap drugs and health care products outside the medical insurance catalogue into drugs in the medical insurance catalogue for settlement; Illegal settlement is limited to illegal activities such as the use of drugs for work-related injuries. The above acts involved illegal use of the medical insurance fund of 47,570.40 yuan. According to the Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of the Use of Medical Insurance Funds, the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Administrative Punishment Discretion in the Supervision of Medical Insurance Funds in Jiangxi Province (for Trial Implementation) and the Service Agreement of Designated Retail Drugstore of Medical Insurance in Xinyu City, the results of the local medical insurance department are as follows: 1. Recover the medical insurance funds illegally used by the pharmacy; 2. An administrative fine of 100,306.35 yuan was imposed on the pharmacy for defrauding the medical insurance fund of 22,290.30 yuan, and an administrative fine of 45,504.18 yuan was imposed on other general violations of 25,280.10 yuan, totaling 145,810.53 yuan; 3. Dissolve the designated service agreement of medical insurance in this pharmacy, and no longer accept its designated application for medical insurance within three years from the date of issuing the document. At present, the lost medical insurance fund of 47,570.40 yuan has been fully recovered.The administrative fine of 145,810.53 yuan has been paid in full.

V. Case of illegal use of medical insurance fund by Jishou Renmin North Road Branch of Yifeng Pharmacy Chain Co., Ltd. in Xiangxi, Hunan Province

In 2021, Hunan Xiangxi Medical Insurance Bureau found in daily inspection that Yifeng Pharmacy Chain Co., Ltd. Jishou Renmin North Road Branch had the problem of illegal drug expense settlement. Through data comparison, the inspectors found that during the period from January 1 to April 30, 2021, some drugs (such as vinegar corydalis yanhusuo, licorice tablets, acacia flowers, etc.) had no sales records and no inventory, but the actual reimbursement amount in the medical insurance system was 76,794.67 yuan. According to the "Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of the Use of Medical Insurance Funds", the local medical insurance department handled the following results: 1. Ordered the pharmacy to return the illegally used medical insurance funds, and imposed a fine of 1 times the loss of the medical insurance funds; 2, ordered the pharmacy rectification within a time limit. At present, the lost medical insurance fund of 76,794.67 yuan has been fully recovered, and the administrative fine of 76,794.67 yuan has been fully paid.

Six, Chongqing Kaizhou District Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. illegal use of medical insurance fund case.

In December, 2021, during the daily inspection of designated medical institutions, Chongqing Kaizhou District Medical Security Bureau found that four designated retail pharmacies, including Kaizhou Pharmacy Drug Supermarket, Kaizhou Pharmacy Drug Supermarket Jiulong Road No.2 Store, Kaizhou Pharmacy Supermarket Zhaojiadian and Kaizhou Pharmacy Drug Supermarket Ankang Street Store, were suspected of taking employee medical insurance personal account funds for the insured. After investigation, four designated retail pharmacies under Chongqing Kaizhou Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. took advantage of their units to purchase epidemic prevention materials, used their employees’ personal medical insurance accounts for settlement, and then issued tax bills in the name of their units and returned them to their units for reimbursement. There were irregularities in taking employees’ personal medical insurance account funds, involving the amount of employees’ personal medical insurance accounts of 14,869.90 yuan. According to the "Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of the Use of Medical Insurance Funds", the local medical insurance department handled the results as follows: 1. Ordered the four designated retail pharmacies involved in the case to return the medical insurance funds illegally used, and imposed a fine of 1 times the illegal amount; 2. Order the company to strengthen the publicity of medical insurance policies, conduct self-examination and rectification on the relevant problems existing in this inspection, and form a written report; 3. Five insured persons involved in the case did not understand the policy of medical insurance fund, so they gave warning education. At present, the lost medical insurance fund of 14,869.90 yuan has been fully recovered, and the administrative fine of 14,869.90 yuan has been fully paid.

7. The case of illegal use of medical insurance fund by people’s pharmacy in Haicheng District, Beihai City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.

In February 2021, the Medical Security Bureau of Beihai City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region received a report clue, reflecting that the people’s pharmacy in Haicheng District of Beihai City was suspected of illegally using the medical insurance fund. After investigation, the pharmacy has forged false vouchers to exchange cash, placed illegal items and other violations, involving the illegal use of medical insurance funds of 71,847.05 yuan. According to the Service Agreement of Designated Retail Pharmacy for Employees’ Basic Medical Insurance in Beihai City (Monomer in 2020) and other relevant regulations, the results of the local medical insurance department are as follows: 1. Deduct the medical insurance fee of 71,847.05 yuan in the month when the pharmacy violated the regulations, and announce the violations of the pharmacy to the public; 2. Cancel the designated service agreement of medical insurance in this pharmacy, and no longer accept its designated application for medical insurance within three years. At present, the illegal use of medical insurance funds of 71,847.05 yuan has been fully recovered.

8. The case of illegal use of medical insurance fund by Wuhaotang Pharmacy in duyun city, Qiannan Prefecture, Guizhou Province.

In September, 2021, duyun city Medical Security Bureau in Qiannan Prefecture, Guizhou Province, found that Wuhaotang Pharmacy in duyun city was suspected of using medical insurance funds in violation of regulations. Investigators from duyun city Medical Insurance Bureau in Qiannan Prefecture found that there were many abnormal cases of large medical insurance card settlement in this pharmacy. Investigate and verify suspicious clues by collecting the data of pharmacy sales system, interviewing the person in charge of relevant designated retail pharmacies, and returning to the insured by telephone. After verification, the pharmacy provided medical insurance settlement for medical expenses incurred by five people, including Xiong Moumou, who was treated in a dental clinic in Duyun, involving a medical insurance fund totaling 41,880.00 yuan. According to the Service Agreement of Designated Retail Drugstore for Medical Security in Qiannan Prefecture and the Implementation Plan of duyun city on Carrying out Medical Insurance Credit Rating of Designated Medical Institutions, the local medical insurance department handled the results as follows: 1. Deducting the pharmacy’s illegal use of medical insurance fund of 41,880.00 yuan, and paying 2.5 times of liquidated damages, with the total deduction and liquidated damages of 146,580.00 yuan, which have all been returned to the medical insurance fund account; 2. From November 2, 2021, the medical insurance service agreement of this pharmacy will be dissolved and its violation will be announced to the public, and it will be included in the blacklist management of medical insurance credit rating; 3. Incorporate the legal representative and pharmacy manager of the pharmacy into the list of medical insurance untrustworthy persons; 4. Transfer the violation of the dental clinic involved to the local health department for handling.

9. The case of illegal use of medical insurance fund by Hongyan Pharmacy in Shannan City, Xizang Autonomous Region

In April, 2022, the Medical Security Bureau of Shannan City, Xizang Autonomous Region found that there was a phenomenon of "one person swiping cards continuously" in Hongyan Pharmacy in Shannan City. In June, 2022, Shannan Medical Insurance Bureau initiated an investigation into the illegal settlement of medical insurance fund by Hongyan Pharmacy. After investigation, Hongyan Pharmacy has fraudulent behaviors of swindling medicines and fictitious medical services, swindling the purchase of local products, health care products and other consumer goods into medicines and swiping medical insurance vouchers for settlement, and at the same time, there are illegal behaviors such as medical insurance vouchers for insured persons staying in the store and swiping cards regularly every day, involving medical insurance funds totaling 102,625.00 yuan. According to "People’s Republic of China (PRC) Social Insurance Law" and "Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of the Use of Medical Insurance Funds", the results of the local medical insurance department are as follows: 1. Order the pharmacy to return the defrauded medical insurance fund and impose a fine of 205,250.00 yuan twice the amount defrauded; 2. Suspend the medical services used by the medical insurance fund in this pharmacy for 6 months. At present, the lost medical insurance fund of 102,625.00 yuan has been fully recovered, and the twice administrative fine of 205,250.00 yuan has been fully paid.

X. Case of illegal use of medical insurance fund in a branch of Tiancheng Pharmacy, Karamay City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

In July 2022, the Medical Security Bureau of Karamay City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region received a report clue, reflecting that a branch of Tiancheng Pharmacy in Karamay City was suspected of illegally using medical insurance funds. Verified by the Medical Insurance Bureau of Karamay District, Karamay City, the pharmacy has illegal behaviors such as swapping drugs, issuing false drug purchase documents to provide cash back for insured persons, involving illegal use of medical insurance funds of 155,775.69 yuan. According to the "Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of the Use of Medical Insurance Funds", the results of the local medical insurance department are as follows: 1. Recover the medical insurance funds illegally used by the pharmacy and impose a fine of 2 times the illegal amount; 2, ordered the pharmacy rectification within a time limit. At present, the lost medical insurance fund of 155,775.69 yuan has been fully recovered, and the administrative fine of 311,551.38 yuan has been fully paid.

Ministry of Science and Technology: Major special achievements of nuclear power are released. The comprehensive localization rate of the third generation nuclear power technology is over 85%.

CCTV News:At 10: 00 a.m. on August 31st, a press conference was held in the Ministry of Science and Technology for major national science and technology projects of large-scale advanced PWR and high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (hereinafter referred to as nuclear power projects). Qin Zhijun, deputy director of the Nuclear Power Department of the National Energy Administration and head of the special implementation management office, Zheng Mingguang, chief engineer of PWR disciplines and president of Shanghai Engineering Research and Design Institute, and Zhang Zuoyi, chief engineer of HTGR disciplines and president of Tsinghua University Institute of Nuclear Energy and New Energy, attended and introduced the special situation. Xie Min, Major Special Office of Ministry of Science and Technology, presided over the meeting.

The major nuclear power project is one of the 16 major national science and technology projects identified in the Outline of the National Medium and Long-term Science and Technology Development Plan (2006-2020). It is divided into two parts. One part is PWR, which is the third generation passive nuclear power technology with the main achievement of research and development, design and construction of CAP1400 demonstration project. The other is the high temperature reactor sub-item. The research, development, design and construction of 20MW high-temperature gas-cooled reactor demonstration project as the main achievement is one of the technical directions with the characteristics of the fourth generation nuclear power.

Up to now, 179 nuclear power projects have been approved, and the central budget has been approved at 11.399 billion yuan. Through special support, the technical level of China’s third-generation nuclear power has been significantly improved, the fourth-generation nuclear power technology has gradually moved to the forefront of the world, and the manufacturing of nuclear power-related equipment has been upgraded, which has taken a solid step on the road to achieving the goal of becoming a nuclear power.

Specific results include:

First, the special key tasks of nuclear power have progressed smoothly. The introduction, digestion and absorption of AP1000 have been basically completed, and the main work of thermal test of the first unit of Zhejiang Sanmen Support Project has been completed, and the loading is imminent. The CAP1400 design has passed the examination, and all the key tests have been completed, which has the conditions for construction. Most of the main equipment of high temperature gas-cooled reactor has been installed in place and is about to enter the debugging stage.

Second, in terms of equipment manufacturing, the ability and level have been greatly improved. A large number of major equipment, such as pressure vessels, steam generators, main pipelines, etc., have been localized; core equipment such as main pump of shielded motor, digital instrument control system and blasting valve have all been manufactured; control rod drive mechanism of high-temperature reactor and fuel loading and unloading system have been supplied. The acquisition of these achievements has significantly promoted equipment manufacturing enterprises to a higher level, enabling China to have the supply capacity of 6 to 8 sets of third-generation nuclear power equipment with an annual output. The comprehensive localization rate of third-generation nuclear power has increased from 2008.

Third, in terms of material development, a fundamental breakthrough has been achieved. A qualitative breakthrough has been made in the processing and manufacturing technology of key materials such as super-large forgings, 690 alloy pipes, pressure vessel seals and nuclear-grade zirconium materials; High temperature reactor fuel elements have been industrialized; The successful development of nuclear grade welding materials has changed the long-term dependence on imports of nuclear power welding materials in China. The first complete production line from sponge zirconium to finished pipes, plates, rods and strips was built, which provided strong support for the independent fuel research and development of CAP1400 and Hualong No.1..

Fourth, in terms of common technologies, it has laid a solid foundation for research and development. Give full play to the technological advantages of major nuclear power groups and related scientific research institutes, and jointly carry out in-depth analysis and research on common technologies such as reactor core and safety analysis key technology research, serious accident mechanism and phenomenology research, and nuclear power plant key material performance research, and build a number of international leading large-scale test benches and test facilities, which provide a guarantee for the design of new nuclear power models in China and the continuous improvement of nuclear power innovation and research and development capabilities.

Qin Zhijun said that the next step will continue to vigorously promote the implementation of major nuclear power projects. Reform the project subsidy method and further mobilize social forces to help the nuclear power industry tackle key problems. Focus on core technologies such as nuclear-grade pumps and valves, key components and basic materials, and accelerate the realization of fuel and software design and verification autonomy. Promote the construction of CAP1400 and do a good job in the demonstration project of high-temperature gas-cooled reactor. According to the highest international safety standards, we will further improve the evaluation and certification system of nuclear power technology application results to ensure the safety and reliability of products entering the nuclear power market. Improve the policy system for the application and promotion of special achievements, and comprehensively support the application of achievements in various ways such as "demonstration, subsidy and reward".

Media: What is the traditional custom of hanging portraits of leaders in Xizang Autonomous Region?

Yesterday, a central delegation headed by The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) of the Communist Party of China and Yu Zhengsheng, President of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, arrived in Lhasa by special plane to participate in the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the founding of Xizang Autonomous Region. On the same day, the front page of Tibet Daily reported that the party committee and government of Xizang Autonomous Region held a grand ceremony to unveil the portraits of five leaders and raise the national flag in the party and government compound of the autonomous region. Since then, the huge portrait of the leaders of the Tibetan party and government compound has changed from four leaders to five today. Upolitics, a WeChat public account, has combed the tradition of hanging portraits of leaders in Xizang Autonomous Region, and quoted Ba Pingcuo, the former director of the Tibet People’s Congress, as saying that it is a natural thing for Tibet to send portraits of leaders, which is a unique way in Tibet and has a historical tradition.

The following is the original article:

On the eve of the 50th anniversary of the founding of Xizang Autonomous Region, the Party Committee and Government of Xizang Autonomous Region held a grand ceremony to unveil the portraits of five leaders and raise the national flag in the Party and Government Courtyard of the autonomous region.

Since then, the huge portrait of the leaders of the Tibetan party and government compound has changed from four leaders to five today.

The news was published at the bottom of the front page of Tibet Daily on September 6th. The headline on the front page is Xinhua News Agency’s long article "Writing a New Chapter in the Snow Plateau Chinese Dream-A Documentary Report of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader Comrade as the General Secretary Concerned about Tibet’s Development".

Zheng Zhi Xiao Bian clearly remembers that three and a half years ago, on the morning of New Year’s Eve in 2012, there was already an unveiling of a portrait of a leader, but that time it was four leaders.

The former director of the Tibet People’s Congress told Ba Pingcuo four years ago that it is a natural thing for Tibet to send portraits of leaders, which is a unique way in Tibet and has a historical tradition.

What is this tradition?

Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping.

Up to now, many Tibetans have hung Mao Zedong statues in conspicuous places in their houses, covered with Hada. Most of the portraits were made in the 1960s and 1970s, and there were many new prints. Because Mao Zedong liberated Tibet and made serfs turn over, it held a high position in the hearts of Tibetans.

Zanan, the county magistrate of Bange County, Tibet, once said that there was a herdsman in the county who was good at painting. In 1955, a rare snowstorm occurred in Naqu. Under the leadership of communist party, the disaster area in Naqu actively resisted the disaster, and the loss was minimized. No one died because of the disaster. The painter painted a picture of a herdsman prostrating himself to the statue of Mao Zedong standing on the snowy grassland.

日喀则拉孜县著名的藏刀艺人次登家里只供奉毛泽东像,平时他也不去转经、朝佛。在次登看来,真正改变他命运的是“毛主席”。他说:“我们铁匠以前在西藏是地位最低的,被称为‘黑骨头’,毛主席解放了我们,让我们翻了身,我打心眼里感激他。”

改革开放后,很多人家中的画像增加了邓小平,一般都是一人一张画像,两张挂在房屋显眼处。

和平解放50周年起“三人同框”

2001年7月,是西藏和平解放50周年。时任中共中央政治局常委、国家副主席的胡锦涛作为中央代表团团长来到西藏,看望藏族农牧民。他给看望的两家农户赠送了毛泽东、邓小平、江泽民三代领导人的画像,还各送给他们一台彩色电视机。

2002年5月5日,“劲隆摩托勇攀珠峰”大部队到达了定日,也是到达珠峰大本营的最后一个休息站。队员们在定日县一普通藏民家庭墙上发现,有三代领导人同框的画像,毛、邓、江的头像从上到下依次排列,左下有一个天安门城楼图案。

同年7月,还有日喀则地区江孜县奴堆村的普尺以胡锦涛带来的画像为蓝本,制作了领导人唐卡挂在家中。

4年后,2005年是西藏自治区成立40周年,当时也发放了三代领导人的画像。政知道小编注意到,两次画像除了背景颜色略有不同外,并没有显著变化。

陈全国到藏后推广4人画像

2011年是西藏和平解放60周年,陈全国到任西藏自治区党委书记后半年左右,选择在2012年除夕在政府大院举行领袖像揭幕暨升国旗仪式。活动旨在激励西藏各族干部群众铭记以毛泽东、邓小平、江泽民为核心的党的三代中央领导集体和以胡锦涛为总书记的党中央的亲切关怀和中国共产党对西藏人民的似海深情,进而凝聚起推进跨越式发展和长治久安的强大合力,以优异成绩迎接中共十八大胜利召开。

较之前的版本,邓换了一张侧左脸的照片,江的照片换了一张没有露齿的微笑大头照,4人画像背景左上角加了五星红旗的元素,左下角在天安门城楼的基础上,增加了群众欢庆的场景。

西藏自治区主席白玛赤林当时在在仪式上说,全区各族人民群众和广大僧尼将中央代表团赠送的毛泽东同志、邓小平同志、江泽民同志和胡锦涛总书记的领袖画像,视为最珍贵的礼物、争相领取,悬挂领袖像成为西藏各界的强烈愿望和自觉行动。

According to the inspection of political knowledge xiaobian, the report at that time mentioned that Tibet, in combination with the activities of striving for Excellence and strengthening the foundation and benefiting the people and the work of cadres stationed in temples, extensively carried out activities of sending national flags and sending leaders to villages and homes to enter temples. At present, more than 1 million faces of national flags and leaders have been donated (Zhang).

Portraits of leaders enter the "five-person era"

Judging from the portraits of leaders that have been disclosed this time, the four-person version has not changed much, but because of the addition of one person, I feel that the area of each person is a little smaller, but more is arranged by the change of position, and the head of each leader is still very clear. There is no obvious change in the background elements, but the words celebrating the 60th anniversary of peaceful liberation at the bottom are replaced by the words celebrating the 50th anniversary of its founding.

If it is different from the last event, Zheng Zhi Xiao Bian thinks that the biggest difference is that the unveiling of the portraits of five leaders and the flag-raising ceremony were held simultaneously in seven cities in Xizang Autonomous Region.

After the earthquake in Nepal this year, portraits of five generations of leaders were hung in the tents of victims in the disaster-stricken area of Zhangmu.

According to a report in Tibet Daily, cadres and people of all ethnic groups in Tibet are deeply grateful for their drinking water, and they spontaneously hang portraits of leaders to express their infinite gratitude to the Communist Party of China (CPC) and their great love for the great motherland. "In order to meet the requirements of the people of all ethnic groups, the central delegation will present portraits of five leaders to the people of all ethnic groups in our region." References | Xinhuanet China Tibet News Network People’s Daily Tibet (Author | Yu Zhou)

Long-term use of rosuvastatin can not ignore these side effects.

Original Dr. Wang Cardiovascular Doctor Wang Cardiovascular Doctor Wang

Every time Dr. Wang finishes prescribing statins in the outpatient department, he must tell the patients a few more words: Be sure to check again! Don’t have side effects that were not found in time!

Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases have become the number one killer endangering our lives and health. Preventing and treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases is almost related to every family, because the number of cardiovascular diseases in China has reached 330 million at present, including 11 million coronary heart disease and 13 million stroke, so each of us is more or less inextricably linked with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.

Statins, as the cornerstone drugs for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, have attracted more and more attention. On the one hand, statins can bring benefits to more patients, on the other hand, the side effects of statins must be paid enough attention.

As a representative of the third generation statins, rosuvastatin is gradually known by people.

Rosuvastatin is a lipid-regulating drug and an inhibitor of 3- hydroxy -3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase. Rosuvastatin can inhibit cholesterol synthesis and reduce blood lipid level, especially low-density lipoprotein. Rosuvastatin has the effects of stabilizing plaque, anti-inflammation and improving endothelial function, and it is one of the long-term drugs for patients with coronary heart disease and stroke.

In short, what benefits can rosuvastatin bring to us?

Reduce cholesterol, low density lipoprotein and triglyceride; At the same time, it can increase high density lipoprotein. Rosuvastatin also has the function of preventing and treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.

Friends who take rosuvastatin for a long time are nothing more than dyslipidemia or to prevent and treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Moreover, patients with abnormal cholesterol or cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases generally need to take statins for a long time, because even if statins can reduce cholesterol and return to normal, once they stop taking drugs, their blood lipids will be abnormal again; Just like taking antihypertensive drugs for a long time for hypertension and taking hypoglycemic drugs for a long time for diabetes.

Of course, the emphasis is on coronary heart disease, cerebral infarction and other diseases. Even if blood lipids are normal, statins should be taken for a long time, because it is mentioned above that statins are not only lipid-regulating drugs, but also drugs that stabilize plaques, resist inflammation and improve endothelial function, which can effectively prevent and reduce the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.

All drugs that need to be taken for a long time are the most troublesome thing for people. Once side effects occur, not only will their diseases not be cured, but they will increase their heart diseases. It is really impossible to catch chickens and eat rice.

Therefore, every time Dr. Wang prescribed rosuvastatin to a patient, he must repeatedly explain what are the side effects of rosuvastatin. What should I pay attention to?

Take rosuvastatin need to pay attention to:

1. If it is not for emergency use before taking it, it is best to check a liver function, four blood lipids, blood sugar and muscle enzymes.

2. Take liver function, blood lipid, blood sugar and muscle enzyme within 3 months.

A, if the transaminase is 3 times higher than the normal value, you should stop using this product or reduce it, because rosuvastatin will cause liver damage, which will lead to the increase of transaminase, especially in the first three months.

B. Attention should also be paid to the increase of muscle enzyme. It is generally suggested that the muscle enzyme should be stopped when it is increased by 10 times. However, once the muscle enzyme is found to be increased in clinic, we dare not wait until it is increased by 10 times, so we will stop taking the drug as soon as possible and observe. Stop using this product immediately when myalgia and myasthenia occur for unknown reasons or suspected myopathy, and check the muscle enzymes as soon as possible. Because statins cause muscle damage is a common side effect.

C, if blood sugar rises, it may be that statins are at work, but we can’t stop taking drugs just because rosuvastatin may cause new-onset diabetes. Statins themselves bring us more benefits than new-onset diabetes. Simply understanding statins to prevent 9 cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases may lead to 1 diabetes, and if we find that active control of diabetes can also reduce the risk caused by diabetes.

3. It may also occur: pharyngitis, pain, headache, flu-like syndrome, etc.

4. If there is no problem after the review in the first three months, it is recommended to review it once a year in the future.

Who uses it with caution?

Excessive drinkers should use it with caution; Use with caution in patients with a history of liver disease; Use with caution for lactating women.

Who is forbidden?

Statin allergy, active liver disease, myopathy, pregnant women.

Rosuvastatin can indeed bring us many benefits, such as adjusting blood lipids, reducing bad blood lipids, raising good blood lipids, reducing the occurrence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and preventing myocardial infarction and cerebral infarction; But any drug is a double-edged sword. If it is used well, it will help people, but if it is not used well, it will harm people.

Monitoring the side effects of rosuvastatin is very important for friends who take rosuvastatin!

[Copyright of Dr. Cardiovascular King]

Original title: "Cardiologists tell you that these side effects should not be ignored when taking rosuvastatin for a long time"

Read the original text

2015 National Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring Annual Report (Full Text)

  为全面反映2015年我国药品不良反应监测情况,促进临床合理用药,保障公众用药安全,依据《药品不良反应报告和监测管理办法》,国家食品药品监管总局组织国家药品不良反应监测中心编撰《国家药品不良反应监测年度报告(2015年)》。

  一、药品不良反应监测工作进展

  2015年,根据《药品不良反应报告和监测管理办法》有关要求,为督促药品生产企业建立健全药品不良反应报告和监测体系,切实履行报告和监测责任,国家食品药品监管总局发布了《药品不良反应报告和监测检查指南(试行)》,明确开展药品不良反应报告和监测工作检查的相关程序,促进药品不良反应报告和监测工作深入开展。

  2015年,国家药品不良反应监测网络建设进一步深入,基层网络用户数量快速增长,全国已有28万余个医疗机构、药品生产经营企业注册为药品不良反应监测网络用户,并通过该网络报送药品不良反应报告。全国县级报告比例达到96.6%,每百万人口平均报告数量达到1044份,较2014年均有所增长,表明我国发现和收集药品不良反应信息的能力进一步增强。2015年,继续加强与世界卫生组织的合作及数据共享,得到世界卫生组织的高度赞扬和肯定。

  2015年,药品不良反应报告和监测工作有序开展。通过日监测、周汇总、季度分析等方法加强对国家药品不良反应监测数据的分析评价,深入挖掘药品风险信号,对醒脑静注射液、酒石酸唑吡坦口服制剂、地塞米松注射剂等45个(类)品种进行了安全性评价,并采取了风险管理和沟通措施。编发《药物警戒快讯》12期,共计62条信息,涉及76个品种。继续推进药品不良事件聚集性信号处置工作,加强预警平台建设,提高预警工作效能,对重点关注的150多条药品不良事件聚集性信号及时进行处置,进一步保障公众用药安全。

  II. Reporting of adverse drug reactions/incidents

  (I) Overall report

  1. Annual and monthly reports of adverse drug reactions/incidents in 2015

  In 2015, the national adverse drug reaction monitoring network received 1.398 million copies of the "Adverse Drug Reaction/Event Report Form", an increase of 5.3% over 2014. From 1999 to 2015, the national adverse drug reaction monitoring network received nearly 9.30 million copies of the "Adverse Drug Reaction/Event Report Form".

  2. Reporting of new and serious adverse drug reactions/incidents

  In 2015, the national adverse drug reaction monitoring network received 393,734 new and serious adverse drug reaction/incident reports, an increase of 15.3% compared with 2014; the number of new and serious reports accounted for 28.2% of the total number of reports in the same period, an increase of 2.5% compared with 2014. The proportion of new and serious adverse drug reaction/event reports continued to increase, indicating that the overall quality and availability of adverse drug reaction reports in our country continued to improve.

  3. Average case reporting per million population

  The average number of cases reported per million population is one of the important indicators to measure the level of adverse drug reaction monitoring in a country. In 2015, the average number of cases reported per million population in our country was 1044, an increase of 5.4% compared with 2014.

  4. County-level reporting of adverse drug reactions/incidents

  The proportion of county-level reports of adverse drug reactions/events is one of the important indicators to measure the balanced development and coverage of adverse drug reaction monitoring in our country. In 2015, the proportion of county-level reports of adverse drug reactions/events nationwide was 96.6%, an increase of 2.2% compared with 2014.

  5. Sources of adverse drug reactions/incident reports

  According to the source of the report, 82.2% of the reports were from medical institutions, 16% from pharmaceutical distributors, 1.4% from pharmaceutical manufacturers, and 0.4% from individuals and other sources. In 2015, medical institutions were still the main source of reports; the number of reports from manufacturing enterprises was still low, but among the top 30 production enterprises with the number of reports, the number of domestic enterprises increased significantly.

  6. Reporter occupation

  According to the occupational statistics of reporters, doctors accounted for 53.0%, pharmacists accounted for 27.6%, nurses accounted for 14.6%, and other reports accounted for 4.8%. The occupational composition of reporters in 2014 was basically the same.

  7. Reports of adverse drug reactions/incidents involving patients

  According to the statistics of the age of the patients involved in the report, the reports of children under the age of 14 accounted for 9.9%, a slight decrease compared with 2014. The reports of the elderly over the age of 65 accounted for 21.5%, an increase of 1.6% compared with 2014. According to the statistics of the gender of the patients involved in the report, the ratio of male and female patients was close to 0.92:1, and there were slightly more females than males. The gender distribution trend was basically the same as in 2014.

  8. Adverse drug reaction/incident reports involve the drug

  According to the category of suspected drugs, chemical drugs accounted for 81.2%, traditional Chinese medicine accounted for 17.3%, and biological products (excluding vaccines) accounted for 1.5%. The number of reports of anti-infective drugs still ranked first, accounting for 44.9% of chemical drugs, a decrease of 1.3% from 2014, and the proportion of reports has been declining for 6 consecutive years. Cardiovascular system drugs accounted for 10.3% of the total number of chemical drugs reported, an increase of 0.1% from 2014, and an upward trend for 6 consecutive years. Electrolytes, acid-base balance and nutritional drugs all showed an upward trend for 6 consecutive years, and the proportion increased slightly compared with 2014.

  According to the statistics of drug dosage forms, among the distribution of drug dosage forms involved in adverse drug reaction/incident reports in 2015, injections accounted for 61.3%, oral formulations accounted for 34.7%, and other formulations accounted for 4.0%. The proportion of injections increased by 3.5% compared with 2014, and the proportion of oral formulations decreased by 1.5%.

  按照药品给药途径统计,2015年药品不良反应/事件报告涉及的药品给药途径分布中,静脉注射给药占57.9%、其他注射给药占3.2%、口服给药占35.8%、其他给药途径占3.1%,与2014年相比,总体给药途径分布无明显变化。

  9.不良反应累及系统情况

  2015年报告的药品不良反应/事件中,累及系统排名前三位的为皮肤及其附件损害(占27.3%)、胃肠系统损害(占26.2%)和全身性损害(占10.8%),前三位之和占64.3%。化学药、中成药累及系统前三位排序与总体一致,但生物制品累及系统前三位与总体有所不同,依次是皮肤及其附件损害、全身性损害、免疫功能紊乱。

  注射剂报告中累及系统排名前三位与总体报告一致,分别是皮肤及其附件损害(占32.5%)、胃肠系统损害(占19.1%)、全身性损害(占13.5%),与2014年相比,全身性损害下降1.1%。口服制剂累及系统前三位为胃肠系统损害(占41.6%)、皮肤及其附件损害(占16.7%)、神经系统损害(12.9%),与2014年基本持平。

  10.药品不良反应/事件报告总体情况分析

  2015年药品不良反应/事件报告总体情况与2014年相比未出现显著差异。在患者年龄分布中,老年患者不良反应报告比例依然出现增高态势,提示应继续关注老年人群用药安全。在剂型和给药途径分布中,化学药品注射制剂比例仍有小幅增加,提示应建立注射剂风险管理的长效机制,并应加强相关宣传、教育和研究工作。在化学药总体排名中,心血管系统用药所占比例有所增加,提示应继续加强心血管系统用药不良反应监测,及时发现风险并采取有效控制措施,保证患者的用药安全。

  小贴士:

  What is Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting and Monitoring? Why should the state establish a reporting system for adverse drug reactions?

  Adverse drug reaction reporting and monitoring refers to the process of discovery, reporting, evaluation and control of adverse drug reactions. The main purpose of establishing an adverse drug reaction reporting system is to understand the occurrence of adverse drug reactions and detect new and serious adverse drug reactions in a timely manner. Due to the particularity of drugs, pre-market research is very limited, and its inherent risks need to be discovered through a wide range of clinical applications. Therefore, by strengthening the reporting and monitoring of adverse drug reactions, the potential inherent risks of drugs can be discovered in a timely manner, the risk-benefit ratio can be evaluated, and the safety information of drugs can be continuously improved to protect the public’s drug safety.

  (Ii) Monitoring of essential drugs

  1. Overall situation of national essential drug monitoring

  In 2015, the overall situation of national essential drug monitoring remained basically stable. In 2015, the national adverse drug reaction monitoring network received a total of 575,000 reports of adverse reactions/events of national essential drugs (accounting for 41.1% of the overall reports in 2015), an increase of 1.9% over 2014. Among them, 37,000 cases were seriously reported, accounting for 6.4%, an increase of 0.8% over 2014. 83.1% of cases reported involving chemical drugs and biological products, and 16.9% of cases reported involving proprietary Chinese medicines.

  2. Analysis of the situation of national essential medicines, chemicals and biological products

  The "National Essential Drugs List (Primary Medical Institutions Equipped and Used Part) " (2012 Edition) includes chemical drugs (including biological products), divided into 25 categories and 317 varieties. In 2015, the National Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring Network received 482,740 reports of adverse reactions/events of 359 specific varieties, of which 35,358 were serious reports, accounting for 7.3%.

  2015年国家基本药物化学药品和生物制品报告按类别统计,报告数量排名前5位的分别是抗微生物药、心血管系统用药、抗肿瘤药、消化系统用药、镇痛/解热/抗炎/抗风湿/抗痛风药,占基本药物化学报告的73.1%。抗微生物的报告比例最高。化学药品(含生物制品)报告数量排名前五位的品种均为抗微生物药,分别是左氧氟沙星、头孢曲松、头孢呋辛、头孢他啶和青霉素。

  2015年国家基本药物化学药品和生物制品不良反应/事件报告中,药品不良反应/事件累及系统排名前5位的是胃肠系统损害(占27.9%)、皮肤及其附件损害(占26.9%)、全身性损害(占9.5%)、中枢及外周神经系统损害(占9.1%)以及免疫功能紊乱和感染(占4.5%);前5位不良反应例次之和占77.9%。

  3.国家基本药物中成药情况分析

  《国家基本药物目录(基层医疗卫生机构配备使用部分)》(2012版)中成药部分涉及内科用药、外科用药、妇科用药、眼科用药、耳鼻喉科用药、骨伤科用药6大类共203个品种。2015年全国药品不良反应监测网络收到该部分共203个相关品种的报告98,176例次,其中严重报告5,480例次,占5.6%。

  2015年国家基本药物中成药部分六大类中,药品不良反应/事件报告总数由多到少依次为内科用药、骨伤科用药、妇科用药、耳鼻喉科用药、外科用药、眼科用药。其中内科用药报告总数占到总体报告数量的84.9%,内科用药构成比较大可能与内科用药临床使用量大,且基本药物目录中中药注射剂都属于内科用药有关。内科用药中排名前五位的分别是祛瘀剂、温理剂、开窍剂、清热剂、扶正剂,此五类药品报告占到内科用药报告数的88.9%。

  2015年国家基本药物目录中成药部分药品不良反应/事件报告中,累及系统排名前三位的是皮肤及其附件损害(占29.0%)、胃肠系统损害(占23.8%)和全身性损害(占14.4%)。不同剂型报告累及系统中,注射剂不良反应/事件累及系统排名前三位的是皮肤及其附件损害(占21.1%)、全身性损害(占12.8%)、胃肠系统损害(占6.2%),口服制剂累及系统排名前三位的是胃肠系统损害(占16.9%)、皮肤及其附件损害(占5.5%)、中枢及外周神经系统损害(占2.7%)。

  2015年,根据药品不良反应监测风险信号,组织对可待因单方制剂、血栓通、血塞通注射制剂、缩宫素注射剂等基本药物品种开展了安全性评价,并采取了相应风险控制措施。

  (三)抗感染药监测情况

  1.抗感染药不良反应/事件报告总体情况

  2015年全国药品不良反应监测网络共收到抗感染药的药品不良反应/事件报告51.3万例,其中严重报告2.84万例,占5.5%。抗感染药的药品不良反应/事件报告占2015年总体报告的36.7%。与2014年相比,2015年抗感染药报告数量同期增长1.2%,严重报告同期增加16.6%。严重报告构成比与2014年(4.8%)相比增加0.7%。

  2.报告涉及患者情况及不良反应情况

  2015年抗感染药药品不良反应/事件的总报告与总体报告年龄分布相比,1-4岁年龄段上升4.8%,45-64岁年龄段下降6%,65岁以上年龄段下降4.2%,其余各年龄段患者的比例浮动范围在4个百分点以内;与2014年抗感染药物的年龄分布相比基本一致。按报告涉及患者年龄统计,14岁以下儿童患者的报告占16.4%,高于整体数据儿童患者所占比例;65岁以上老年人的报告占17.3%。

  In the 2015 report of adverse drug reactions/events of anti-infective drugs, the top three systems involved in adverse drug reactions/events were skin and its appendages (39.5%), gastrointestinal system damage (25.5%), and systemic damage (7.4%). The top three systems involved in oral anti-infective drugs were gastrointestinal system damage (44.6%), skin and its appendages damage (26.6%), and central and peripheral nervous system damage (6.9%); the top three systems involved in injection preparations were skin and its appendages damage (43.0%), gastrointestinal system damage (20.7%), and systemic damage (8.5%).

  3. The report involves the situation of drugs

  The 2015 anti-infective drug adverse reaction/incident reports involved 9 categories and 321 varieties, of which antibiotics accounted for 65.8%. The top five were cephalosporins (31.9%), macrolides (10.1%), penicillins (9.6%), beta-lactamase inhibitors (5.8%) and lincomycin (3.7%); synthetic antimicrobials accounted for 24.7%, mainly quinolones (18.4%) and nitroimidazoles (5.5%). There was no significant difference in the composition ratio of drugs and the composition of anti-infective drug reports in 2014.

  In 2015, antibiotics accounted for 65.4% and synthetic antimicrobials 14.5% of serious adverse reactions/incident reports of anti-infective drugs, with no significant difference from the composition of anti-infective drug reports in 2014. The top five serious reports were cephalosporins (32.4%), quinolones (11.5%), penicillins (11.3%), anti-tuberculosis drugs (10.4%), and beta-lactamase inhibitors (7.6%). Compared with 2014, the ranking of quinolones rose to No. 2, and the ranking of penicillins fell to No. 3.

  From the analysis of drug dosage forms, in 2015, injections accounted for 76.6%, oral formulations accounted for 16.8%, and other dosage forms accounted for 0.5%. Compared with the overall drug report, the proportion of injections (76.6%) was higher, which was basically the same as the distribution of dosage forms in 2014.

  4. Analysis of anti-infective drug safety trends

  In 2015, the total number of adverse reactions/events reported by anti-infective drugs increased compared with 2014, and the number of serious reports increased by 16.6%, which was higher than the increase in overall case reports in 2015. Compared with 2014, the proportion of adverse reactions/events reported by anti-infective drugs in 2015 decreased by 1.5%, the proportion of serious reports increased by 0.2%, and the proportion of serious reports increased by 0.7%.

  小贴士:

  What are the side effects of antibiotics?

  Antibiotics are effective drugs for controlling various infections today, and they are one of the most commonly used drug categories. Nearly 100 kinds have been used. Their most common adverse reactions are as follows:

  (1) Allergic reaction. Penicillin, streptomycin, pioneer mycin, etc. can cause allergic reactions in people, which can be life-threatening in severe cases. Allergic reactions caused by antibiotics are common for drug rashes, dermatitis and drug fever.

  (2) Toxic reactions. Common toxic reactions caused by antibiotics include auditory nerve damage, hematopoietic system disorders, kidney damage, liver damage, and gastrointestinal reactions. The nature and extent of toxic reactions vary depending on the type of drug and individual patients.

  (3) Drug resistance. Most bacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics. With the wide application of antibiotics and the overuse of antibiotics caused by irrational use of antibiotics, the number of drug-resistant strains is increasing, which affects the treatment of diseases, and even has serious consequences due to the lack of sensitive antibiotics to control infections.

  (4) Local stimulation. Intramuscular injection of antibiotics can mostly cause local pain, and intravenous injection may also cause thrombophlebitis. It can be seen that antibiotics must be used rationally, and must not be used indiscriminately as a "panacea".

  (IV) Monitoring of traditional Chinese medicine injections

  1. Overall status of adverse reactions/incident reports of traditional Chinese medicine injections

  In 2015, the safety status of traditional Chinese medicine injections was basically consistent with the overall situation in the country. In 2015, the national adverse drug reaction monitoring network received a total of 127,000 reports of traditional Chinese medicine injections, of which 9,798 were serious reports (7.7%). In 2015, the proportion of injections in adverse reaction/event reports of traditional Chinese medicine was 51.3%, a decrease of 2.1% compared with 2014.

  2015年中药注射剂报告数量排名居前的类别是理血剂、补益剂、开窍剂、清热剂、解表剂、祛痰剂,共占中药注射剂总体报告的97.0%。报告数量排名前五名的药品分别是:清开灵注射剂、参麦注射剂、血塞通注射剂、双黄连注射剂、舒血宁注射剂。

  2015年,中药注射剂严重报告主要涉及全身性损害、呼吸系统损害、皮肤及其附件损害等,包括过敏样反应、过敏性休克、寒战、发热、呼吸困难、胸闷、心悸、瘙痒、皮疹、恶心、呕吐等表现,与往年监测情况基本一致。

  2.中药注射剂不良反应/事件报告合并用药情况

  对2015 年中药注射剂总体报告排名前20 位药品(占全年中药注射剂报告87.6%)合并用药情况进行分析,其总体报告涉及合并用药占43.4%,严重报告涉及合并用药占56.5%,以上数据提示单独或联合其他药品使用中药注射剂均可出现不良事件,合并用药可能加大中药注射剂的安全风险。

  三、用药安全提示

  (一)关注老年患者用药问题

  根据对2015年国家药品不良反应监测数据库收到的药品不良反应报告年龄分布情况分析,2015年65岁以上老年患者药品不良反应报告比例达21.5%,严重报告比例达28.7%。国家药品不良反应监测数据库分析显示,自2009年以来,该两项比例持续7年上升,老年患者用药安全问题需引起特别关注。一般来说,老年人脏器功能退化,新陈代谢减慢,容易发生药品不良反应;老年人往往身患一种以上的疾病,有些老年人还服用一些保健品等,所以老年人用药要特别慎重,选择药品时要多咨询医生,注意给药途径和时间、加强用药前和用药期间监护。

  小贴士:

  老年人使用抗菌药物应注意的相关问题及用药十忌原则:

  老年人因肝肾功能衰退,对药物的耐受性降低,尤其是一些活性较强的药物,极易产生毒副作用和过敏反应。抗菌药物在人体吸收以后,多由肝脏和肾脏解毒、排泄。因此,肝肾功能不全的老人,在用这些药时需慎重,不宜长期或大剂量应用。故长期、大剂量使用这些抗菌药物,对老年人是非常不利。老年用药十忌原则:一忌随意滥用;二忌品种过多;三忌时间太长;四忌不遵医嘱;五忌生搬硬套;六忌乱用偏方、秘方、验方;七忌滥用补药;八忌更换过频;九忌嗜药成瘾;十忌联用毒副作用强的药物。

  (二)关注心血管系统用药安全

  2015年化学药总体排名中,心血管系统用药占10.3%(排名第二),仅次于抗感染药,连续5年呈上升趋势。按照化学药剂型排名,口服制剂前20名的品种中心血管系统用药为7个,与2014年相比心血管系统用药所占比例均有所增长。随着我国居民生活水平的逐步提高,高血压、冠心病、高血脂等心血管疾病的发病率亦呈增长的趋势,心血管系统用药尤其是口服制剂使用也随之越来越广泛。相关数据显示,近20年间,我国心血管病死亡率一直呈上升趋势,且35岁-55岁的中青年男性冠心病死亡率增加最快,心血管用药安全应引起格外关注。

  小贴士:

  如何合理使用心血管药物?

  高血压、冠心病、心律失常、心力衰竭是临床最常见的心血管疾病。在治疗心血管疾病时,要注意鉴别疾病类型和分期,恰当的选择最适合病情的药物,以求达到最佳治疗效果和最大程度的降低不良反应的发生。在用药过程中还应注意一些特殊情况,例如:高血压患者应加强血压监测,确定最佳服药时间,在服用降压药时要谨防“首剂反应”,服药过程中忌频繁换药,患者用药前应仔细阅读所服药物的说明书,掌握心血管药物适应症、禁忌症、不良反应,注意合理用药。

  (三)关注基层医疗机构注射剂使用安全

  2015年化学药不良反应/事件报告中,注射剂所占比例为62.9%;中药不良反应/事件报告中,注射剂所占比例为51.3%;而严重药品不良反应报告的给药途径以静脉注射为主,占70%以上。国家药品不良反应监测数据分析显示,部分中药注射剂的不良反应主要来源于基层医疗卫生机构。注射剂的不良反应主要表现为过敏及类过敏反应,部分病例可出现过敏性休克等严重过敏反应,需要紧急救治。基层医疗卫生机构的救治设备、设施较为有限,医护人员救治经验和能力相对缺乏,影响抢救效果及预后,基层医疗机构的输液风险值得关注。

  小贴士:

  如何合理使用注射剂?

  静脉输液是高风险、高获益的临床用药方法,起效迅速,易于调节给药剂量和速度,可恒定维持治疗所需的药物浓度。如能合理使用,静脉输液的临床获益大于风险;过度使用时,静脉输液的风险则明显增加,甚至可能超过临床获益,给患者带来不必要的风险及经济损失。国内绝大多数医疗机构都有门诊输液,门诊输液几乎成了中国老百姓的就医习惯,长期以来人们形成了“输液好、输液快”的错误认识和就医习惯。用药要遵循能不用就不用、能少用就不多用、能口服不肌注、能肌注不输液的原则。

  (四) 关注合理用药问题

  据统计,2008年至2015年国家发布的《药品不良反应信息通报》总计66个药品中,27个存在明显不合理用药情况;如:2015年药品不良反应信息通报(第69期)中提醒注射用头孢硫脒,存在比较严重的不合理用药现象,包括单次超剂量、日剂量超量给药,未分次给药等,增加了患者发生严重不良反应的风险。2015年,国家药品不良反应监测中心对国内医学文献中涉及不合理用药情况进行了系统分析,结果显示抗菌药、静脉输液和中药注射剂不合理用药问题突出。

  小贴士:

  合理用药十大提示?

  1.优先使用基本药物;

  2.遵循能不用就不用、能少用就不多用,能口服不肌注、能肌注不输液的原则;

  3.买药要到合法医疗机构和药店,注意区分处方药和非处方药,处方药必须凭执业医师处方购买;

  4.阅读药品说明书,特别要注意药物的禁忌、慎用、注意事项、不良反应和药物间的相互作用等事项;

  5.处方药要严格遵医嘱,切勿擅自使用。特别是抗菌药物和激素类药物,不能自行调整用量或停用;

  6.任何药物都有不良反应,非处方药长期、大量使用也会导致不良后果;

  7.孕期及哺乳期妇女用药要注意禁忌;儿童、老人和有肝脏、肾脏等方面疾病的患者,用药应谨慎,用药后要注意观察;从事驾驶、高空作业等特殊职业者要注意药物对工作的影响;

  8. Drugs should be stored scientifically and properly; beware of misuse and misuse by children and mentally ill persons;

  9. Vaccination is the most effective and economical measure to prevent some infectious diseases, and the state provides free first-class vaccines.

  10. Health foods cannot replace medicines.

  IV. Relevant risk control measures

  According to the adverse drug reaction monitoring data and evaluation results in 2015, the State Food and Drug Administration has taken corresponding risk control measures in a timely manner for drugs found to have potential safety hazards to ensure the safety of public medication.

  (1) Issued the 4th issue of the "Adverse Drug Reaction Information Circular", reporting serious adverse reactions such as metoclopramide, atypical antipsychotics, Chinese and Western medicine compound preparations, and ceftiramide for injection, timely reminding of drug safety risks.

  (2) Published 12 issues of "Pharmacovigilance Alert", reporting 62 pieces of foreign drug safety information such as suicide risk of pregabalin and severe skin reactions of ziprasidone.

  (3) According to the monitoring and evaluation results, the organization revised the instructions of 40 (categories) of drugs such as Xuesaitong, Naoluotong Capsule, and Trikrutin Injection.

  V. Relevant Instructions

  (1) The data in this annual report is derived from the data reported by each region from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2015 in the National Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring Database.

  (2) Like most countries, the data collected by the adverse drug reaction monitoring database in our country has limitations, such as underreporting, irregular filling, lack of detailed information, and inability to calculate the incidence of adverse reactions.

  (III) At the time of the completion of this annual report, some of the serious reports and death reports were still under investigation and evaluation. All statistical results were a true reflection of the data collection situation, and some issues did not represent the final evaluation results.

  (Iv) The number of adverse drug reactions/events reported is influenced by many factors such as the amount of the drug used and the incidence of adverse drug reactions. Therefore, the ranking of the number of adverse drug reactions/events reported is only a direct reflection of the number of reported data, and does not represent the incidence of adverse reactions.

  (V) This annual report does not include surveillance data on vaccine adverse reactions/events.

A crucial year in history, affecting China for 300 years.

Original: I am Ai Gongzi’s favorite history.

In 1644, it was the year of Jia Shen in the lunar calendar.

This year, the Ming Dynasty is about to come to an end. This year is about to become a key year that will affect the next 300 years, and the people in it are unaware of it.

Under the leadership of Li Zicheng, the peasant army in Shanhaiguan Pass has entered the first Francisco in the world-Xi ‘an (now Xi ‘an), which is one step closer to the political center of Daming.

Outside the Commissioner’s office, the Eight Banners, with a number of more than 100,000, are closely watching every move of the Central Plains under the leadership of Regent Dourgen.

▲ In 1644, the Forbidden City had three owners. Source: Photo Network

Sad Spring Festival

During the Spring Festival this year, Emperor Chongzhen, a "model worker of Daming", felt the tension and oppression before the building would collapse.

On that day, a sudden gust of wind roared in Beijing, and the yellow sand covered the sun. The streets that should have been decorated with lanterns and celebrated the New Year were sparsely populated and depressed everywhere.

On that day, the ministers who should have entered the palace to congratulate them were collectively "absent from work". Chongzhen was the only one left in the empty hall, trying to squeeze out a smile to welcome the New Year.

But he couldn’t laugh.

Previously, Yuan Chonghuan, a famous anti-gold star, was executed in the year because of his own change; Trilateral governor Zheng Chongjian, who did not lose a single soldier, was framed by the minister and killed because of his dismissal; Lu Xiangsheng, the leader of the Tianxiong Army, was killed by four arrows because he ran out of ammunition. Sun Chuanting, the leader of the Great Qin Jun, was forced to go to war frequently, so he lost his pass and died. Hong Chengchou, the overseer of Ji Liao, was forced to land because of poor food and grass …

Chongzhen understands that these factors are of course influenced by his indecision and suspicious personality, but the most serious problem is that now, he seems to have no future available.

A week later, the "death reminder" for Emperor Chongzhen was sent to the Forbidden City: Li Zicheng, who had invaded Xi ‘an, ascended the throne on the Spring Festival, established the Dashun Dynasty and changed to Yongchang.

Next, he will lead his troops into Shuntianfu (now Beijing) and be the king of this world!

 

Wu Xiang’s quotation

Chongzhen couldn’t sit still any longer. He had to force himself to make a decision as soon as possible.

It occurred to him that there are only two ways to save Daming again and save his own life.

Either transfer the Ning Guan fighters stationed at the Great Wall back to Beijing, or directly move the capital to Jinling (now Nanjing).

Ning Guan fighters, with a total force of 30,000 people, were built by Yuan Chonghuan, a famous gold fighter, and were one of the three elite troops in the late Ming Dynasty.

Previously, he beat Dourgen and cried Huang Taiji.

It is also the Daming "regular army" with the strongest fighting capacity so far.

Jinling City was once the capital of Daming, where Mao Zhu Yuanzhang announced the birth of Daming.

After moving the capital to Beijing, Jinling City still maintained a complete administrative department, in case something happens to the empire in the future, it can make a comeback.

If Ning Guan fighters were transferred to the customs, it would be equivalent to handing over a large area of Liaodong territory to the Eight Banners of Qing Dynasty, which was eyeing up the customs.

Since Zhu Di, the ancestor of Ming Dynasty, the ancestral tombs of Emperor Daming have all been near Beijing. If we move the capital to Jinling, wouldn’t it make our ancestors restless?

No matter which method is adopted, Chongzhen is doomed.

He remembered what his brother said before he died, "My brother should be Yao and Shun" and felt a little powerless to control the future destiny of the empire.

After several days and nights of deliberation, Chongzhen finally decided to transfer Ning Guan fighters into the customs.

He wants to save his life, but he doesn’t want to bear the stigma of betraying his ancestors. He can accept being a model of "the emperor guards the country and the king dies."

Ning Guan fighters commander, it is the famous Wu Sangui in the future, at this time his father Wu Xiang is in charge of the emperor’s security work in Beijing.

After receiving the order from Chongzhen, Wu Xiang quickly entered the palace.

Seeing Wu Xiang in Chongzhen was like seeing a benefactor. He took his hand and asked him kindly, Are you used to living in Beijing? Are you dressed warmly? What do you need? Just ask, I can do it.

Wu Xiang certainly understood the emperor’s intention to summon him urgently. Now that the emperor has spoken, he can "tell the truth":

I have a family of 3,000. Just like my own son, I usually use wine, fat sheep, silk and satin. When I give the order, they can do their best in war.

In addition, Wu Sangui, the son of a dog, has thirty thousand soldiers of Guanningjun who can be good at fighting, and is trying to resist the Eight Banners of the Commissioner.

However, if the emperor wants to mobilize them, according to my estimation, he probably needs the court to allocate 1 million and two thousand yuan for his expenses.

Hearing this, Chongzhen almost fell off his chin. Why do you want so much?

Wu Xiang said that besides the 30,000 soldiers fighting, we have to consider the military family arrangements for others. If we count the resettlement fees, these estimates are not enough.

Then, is Wu Xiang’s "quotation" exaggerated?

According to "Compilation of Rejuvenation through Economy" compiled by Song Yingchang in Wanli Period, the monthly salary of Ning Guan cavalry is 1.6 liang+half stone rice, so a year is 19.2 liang +6 stone rice.

At that time, the imperial court discounted 1 stone of rice ≈1 tael of silver, and it took at least 25 taels to raise a soldier a year. Therefore, according to the ration of 30,000 soldiers and the inflation situation in the late Ming Dynasty, Wu Xiang is telling the truth.

But Chongzhen was puzzled. In his heart, he hoped that Ning Guan fighters could defend themselves, but the price was too high for him and the whole Daming could not afford it.

He bluntly said that he had no money. Can he work first and then get money for the sake of military duties and missions?

Wu Xiang shook his head.

▲ The demise of the Ming Dynasty has been decided at this moment. Source: Photo Network

Time waits for no man.

As a generation of emperors, Chongzhen actually chose an unwise approach and turned to the minister for help.

He told ministers that at present, there is an army of Li Zicheng in the northwest, and the Eight Banners elite of Dourgen is eyeing it.

Due to years of war, Daming’s national treasury has little money. I even donated my own private money to the front. Can you spare some money this time and ask Ning Guan fighters to defend Beijing?

To tell the truth, this kind of help is hard to work.

Throughout the history of China, the traditional etiquette emphasizes "the monarch is the minister’s program". Ministers have always obeyed the monarch’s orders, and there is rarely a situation in which "minister power" is higher than "monarch power".

Chongzhen took the initiative to put the cart before the horse.

Seeing that the high-ranking emperor now "commands" himself with such a low-profile and almost pleading attitude, ministers probably felt that the dynasty was hopeless, so they chose silence one after another.

They think that if the capital changes its flag one day, it will still be a minister, and who will be the emperor will not be the same!

After all, Chongzhen made a choice, like the hesitation in moving the capital and transferring soldiers. After he tortured himself ideologically for a period of time, he decided to call Wu Sangui Pingxibo and let him transfer Ning Guan fighters to Beijing as soon as possible.

But time waits for no one. At this time, the Ming Dynasty was dragged to the end.

Save or not, the end is the same.

In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644), on March 19th, a desperate Chongzhen climbed up jingshan park (now Jingshan Park) behind the Forbidden City and found a crooked-neck tree. Three feet of white silk, completed the "feat" of "the king died in the country."

At this time, Ning Guan’s fighters, who entered Beijing, arrived in Zhili (now Tangshan, Hebei), which was hundreds of miles away from Beijing.

If you have knowledge under Chongzhen Spring, will you regret the time you wasted silently?

▲ Chongzhen’s final decision has been controversial. Source: film and television stills

Li Zicheng along the way.

Looking back on the year of 1644, Li Zicheng will probably be so happy that he can’t sleep.

This year, thanks to God, he ushered in the peak of his life.

Never thinking of being an emperor, he actually had the opportunity to have an emperor addiction in Xi ‘an. The key is to work harder and be the master of the world.

At least that’s what he thought when he gave Chongzhen, who was far away in Beijing, the afternoon gauntlet.

In the first month of the first year of Dashun Yongchang (1644), just after the Spring Festival, Li Zicheng set off in the direction of Beijing with a mighty army.

In February, we captured Fenzhou (now Fenyang, Shanxi Province), Yangcheng (now Yangcheng, Shanxi Province), Puzhou (now Yongji, Shanxi Province), Huaiqing (now Jiaozuo, Henan Province), Taiyuan and other places, and had a smooth journey.

Li Zicheng thought that before long, the world would change hands.

How did I know that I met Zhou Yuji in Daizhou (now Xinzhou, Shanxi)? After a fierce battle, Zhou Yuji led his troops to retreat to Ning Wuguan (now ningwu county, Xinzhou) and refused to surrender.

After many unsuccessful attempts to surrender, Li Zicheng had to bite the bullet and storm, and finally won Ning Wuguan at the cost of more than 70,000 casualties. Cha Jizuo recorded this campaign in the Record of Crime:

"After the thief (referring to Li Zicheng) was trapped in the capital, there were many people who created it by hand and foot, and all of them were those who fought to win the war."

After the first world war, Li Zicheng was frightened. He didn’t expect the little Daizhou to almost beat himself back to his original shape.

And then the army will move to Xuanfu (now Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province) and Datong (now Datong, Shanxi Province), which are the strategic locations that Daming has always focused on defending, and there are naturally many more elite soldiers than Daizhou.

Can their own millions of peasant army brothers withstand the attacks of those two groups of people?

As it turns out, Li Zicheng thinks too much.

When the defenders of Xuanfu and Datong heard that Li Zicheng was coming, they opened the gates and offered to surrender. Wherever the army went, "the city was full of joy, and it was greeted with colorful incense."

On March 15th, Li Zicheng successfully arrived at Juyongguan, the gateway of the capital. There, the company commanders Tang Tong and the eunuch DUZH rank of the army had already opened the gates wide, waiting for the "King" to enter the city to review the troops.

On March 16th, Li Zicheng crossed Changping and arrived in Shahe.

On March 17th, they entered Gaobeidian and Xizhimen, bombarded the city with heavy artillery, and attacked Fuchengmen, Zhangyimen and Xizhimen in the afternoon.

At this point, he has arrived at the gate of Beijing with a great army.

Remembering his bitterness along the way, Li Zicheng decided to be "generous" once and stop attacking. Sent eunuchs to send a letter to Chongzhen, demanding that Northwest China be ceded to him, where he was king.

条件是,他可以率农民军帮助崇祯抵抗天下各路反贼,以及关外的多尔衮。

很显然,这种要求,对于早已做好“死社稷”的崇祯而言,一点儿诱惑力都没有。

三月十九日,李自成由太监王德化引导,从德胜门入,经承天门步入内殿,结束了明朝276年的统治。

▲李自成进入北京城,明朝灭亡。图源:影视剧照

紫禁城42日游

李自成进入京城后,立即下令以礼厚葬上吊的崇祯皇帝,在东华门外举行公祭。

同时约束进入京城的农民军弟兄,要求他们继续保持过去不打砸抢的优良传统。

虽然是自己的对手,但李自成挺同情崇祯的。

他不明白,偌大的大明帝国,为什么始终拿不出救命的100万两?到底是皇帝穷,还是大臣穷?

据《明季北略》记载,李自成入京师后,从宫中搜出内帑“银三千七百万锭,金一千万锭”,“旧有镇库金积年不用者三千七百万锭,锭皆五百两,镌有永乐字”。不过,这只是一种说法。另一些史料则表明,大明国库和内帑确实被掏空了,所剩无几。

那么大臣呢?

仍存疑问的李自成开始了他入主紫禁城后最大规模的“拷掠官员”行动。

拷掠官员,就是根据李自成设立的征税指标,对不同等级的官员实施强制征收银两。

Those who don’t want to cooperate, or those who pay less or fail to pay, are all arrested and beaten to the death. When to pay enough, when to let people go.

He is not Chongzhen, neither indecisive nor affectionate to these ministers.

From March 27, the peasant army began to raid the property everywhere, raiding all the ministers, rich families and aristocratic families of Daming. Among them, Wu Xiang, who previously asked Emperor Chongzhen to pay millions of dollars.

▲ Wu Sangui faces a choice. Source: film and television stills

At that time, Wu Sangui’s Ningyuan fighters were working in Yutian, Zhili (now Tangshan, Hebei).

Hearing that Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself and Daming perished, Wu Sangui lost his sense of proportion for a moment, and he didn’t know what to do with his troops.

The situation before Wu Sangui is that it is defeated by Li Zicheng at home and defeated by Dourgen at abroad.

Besides, at this time, because of his withdrawal, it is equivalent to giving Dourgen a direct customs clearance certificate to Beijing.

Heroic disputes in the world have existed since ancient times. Surrender to Li Zicheng is not unheard of.

However, when hearing that Li Zicheng sent someone to copy his home, arrested his father, and Liu Zongmin, the No.2 figure of the peasant army, occupied his "confidante" Chen Yuanyuan, Wu Sangui turned his horse’s head and led the army back to Shanhaiguan.

For these situations, Li Zicheng is not ignorant.

Growing up in the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi Province, he has already developed a bold, stubborn and hard-hitting personality, which may be one of the reasons why he entered the capital smoothly.

Chen Yuanyuan, he thought, was a concubine, which was nothing compared with Liu Zongmin, who was as close as a brother.

Therefore, when he heard that his sworn brother Liu Zongmin had robbed Wu Sangui’s concubine Chen Yuanyuan, he did not immediately dissuade him.

Despite the serious situation, Wu Sangui turned around and turned back to Shanhaiguan.

He didn’t understand that Wu Sangui, a southerner (originally from Gaoyou, South Zhili, Wu Sangui, now Gaoyou, Jiangsu), would go out and return to Shanhaiguan for a woman, regardless of his father’s life.

At this point, I’m afraid Li Zicheng, who caused "bad consequences", summoned the left and right sides urgently, trying to "suppress and appease" and soothe Wu Sangui.

On April 13th, Li Zicheng ordered Liu Zongmin to lead sixty thousand troops to Shanhaiguan. On this trip, his original intention was to try his best to persuade Wu Sangui.

Because, Wu Sangui has the military power he has always wanted-Ning Guan fighters. If he can’t get it, he will turn against himself and become a menace.

But knowing that Wu Sangui and Liu Zongmin were "enemies", Li Zicheng let Liu Zongmin take the lead, which was a mistake.

In the end, this Daming Pingxibo can only be forced to agree to the conditions of Dourgen and become the king of the Qing Dynasty.

On April 23rd, the Eight Banners of Dourgen and Dashun Army led by Liu Zongmin fought for the world in front of Shanhaiguan.

According to the history, "this battle was fought in Ma Benteng, flying like an locust, and Dashun army was caught off guard and suffered heavy casualties".

On April 29th, Li Zicheng, who was crippled by Wu Sangui and the elite of the Eight Banners, angered and killed 34 Wu Sangui families. On the same day, Li Zicheng proclaimed himself emperor in the Forbidden City and started his "one-day tour of imperial career".

The next day, April 30th, Li Zicheng, who lived in the Forbidden City for 42 days before and after, decided to set a fire in the Forbidden City to make a heroic move for the peasant army that was about to withdraw from the west.

▲ Li Zicheng withdrew and the Qing army came. Source: film and television stills

The winner

For Dourgen, 1644 is even more worth remembering.

A few months ago, Huang Taiji, the founder of Qing Dynasty and his brother, lost his life. His nephew Fu Lin succeeded to the throne, but the actual master of Qing Dynasty was himself.

Since my father fought against the Ming Dynasty with the "seven great hates", my father and brother have not waited for decades to successfully cross Shanhaiguan and enter the Central Plains.

Now, because of the death of Daming, I and the children of the Eight Banners who have worked hard for decades behind me finally have a chance to realize their father’s and brother’s wishes.

Dourgen knew that the opportunity was hard-won, so from beginning to end, he did not easily send out a single soldier and step into the Central Plains, which had been turned upside down. He has been sitting on the sidelines.

Until Daming Ping Xibo Wu Sangui’s letters were put on his case.

▲ Portrait of Dourgen. Source: Network

In his letter, Wu Sangui earnestly requested Dourgen to send his troops to save him and Shanhaiguan. After the job is done, I am willing to "crack the ground to pay."

After reading the letter, Dourgen did not immediately send troops to help Wu Sangui. He knew that Wu Sangui could thank him for sending troops to help by ceding land, which showed that he still had room for retreat.

If we send troops rashly and help Wu Sangui now, there is no guarantee that he will not establish an emperor, re-establish Daming and drive himself back to his lair outside the Commissioner’s office after kicking Li Zicheng away.

But Fan Wencheng, an old minister, gave him a suggestion: "If Qin loses its deer, Chu and Han will chase it away, but I will not fight with the Ming Dynasty, but actually fight with the bandits.".

We should send troops at once, because the enemy we are facing now is Li Zicheng, not the Ming Dynasty, and there is no such thing as "learning from the unknown".

Besides, the fighting quality of our army is not comparable to that of the peasant army in Li Zicheng. However, we should pay attention to restrain the behavior of soldiers, and never make the mistake made by Li Zicheng again.

Dourgen listened to Fan Wencheng’s advice, but decided to stay put.

He has to wait, wait for the right time.

On April 13th, Li Zicheng Liu Zongmin led an army of 60,000 troops to Shanhaiguan to suppress Wu Sangui.

Wu Sangui at this time, already anxious like a cat on hot bricks. He sent messengers again and again to ask Dourgen to send troops to Shanhaiguan to fight against Li Zicheng’s Dashun Army together with himself.

But Dourgen is not stupid. Why should I jointly crusade against Li Zicheng with you? I want the world, not to defeat Li Zicheng.

Before Wu Sangui surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, although Dourgen was very close to Shanhaiguan, he remained quietly.

April 21st, the eve of Shanhaiguan War.

Wu Sangui, who could not bear the pressure, finally let go and promised to Dourgen, and decided to settle down in exchange for the Qing army to send troops to Shanhaiguan to help him drive away Li Zicheng.

On April 22nd, Li and Wu fought in Shanhaiguan.

Wu Sangui, who surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, led Ning Guan fighters to a decisive battle with Dashun Army under the orders of Dourgen.

Both sides suffered heavy losses in this battle. Ning Guan fighters, on which Daming relied, declined in history.

As Dashun Army was about to capture Shanhaiguan, it was only when Dourgen made Duo Duo and Azig each lead 20,000 chosen men to attack Dashun Army from the flank and enter Shanhaiguan in one fell swoop.

In 1644, the shrewd Dourgen became the final winner.

Upside down, the dynasty changed, and history turned and turned in this year.

The full text is finished, thank you for your patience in reading, and please click on it to let me know that you are reading ~

References:

[Ming] Ji Liuqi: A Brief Introduction to the North in the Ming Dynasty, Zhonghua Book Company, 1984.

[Ming] Cha Jizuo: The Record of Crime, Beijing Library Press, 2006.

[Ming] Song Yingchang: A Brief Compilation of the Revival of China, National Library Document Miniaturization Center, 2003.

[Qing] Zhang Tingyu: Ming History, Zhonghua Book Company, 1974.

[Qing] Xu Nai: An Examination of Xiao Tian’s Chronology, Zhonghua Book Company, 2010.

Qin Guojing and Yuan Hongqi: The Forbidden City: A Panorama of Royal Life, Current Affairs Press, 2006.

– END –

Author: Datang Liang Jinwu

Editor Ai Gongzi

Original title: "A crucial year in history, affecting China for 300 years"

Read the original text

Is this disinfection really effective? Let’s see how Covid-19 was inactivated.

shell of nuts

The following article comes from Guoke Children’s Academy, written by Xiao Tian.

In recent days, the epidemic situation in COVID-19 has been raging. At present, the number of new cases is still rising, and the cumulative number of confirmed cases has exceeded 70,000. The situation is still very grim.

Although there have been many articles on popular science home disinfection, there are still many people who are not at ease and often come to ask, is this disinfection effective? Can you kill Covid-19?

This article pushed by Nut Mom today, starting from the mechanism of disinfectant, makes you clear about the inactivation process of get virus, and at the same time, you are no longer anxious and calm!

one

Structural characteristics of Covid-19.

Novel coronavirus, which caused the pneumonia epidemic, has been identified as an enveloped virus. Besides the capsid formed by protein and its genetic material (single-stranded RNA), it also has an envelope.

Schematic diagram of Covid-19 structure

On the surface of the envelope structure, there are three kinds of glycoproteins, namely:

Spike glycoprotein (S, SpikeProtein, receptor binding site, cytolysis and major antigen site)

Small envelope glycoprotein (e, EnvelopeProtein).

Membrane glycoprotein (M, MembraneProtein, responsible for transmembrane transport of nutrients, budding release of newborn virus and formation of virus envelope)

Covid-19 electron micrograph

If disinfectants, or other environmental conditions, can destroy the structure of Covid-19, it should be able to effectively inactivate it.

2

The Mechanism of Common disinfection products

At present, disinfection products on the market can be classified according to the site of action, which can be summarized into the following two categories:

Nucleic acid directly acting on internal genetic material: ultraviolet disinfection

Protein is inactivated by most chemical disinfectants and high temperature.

The deactivation of protein mainly changes and destroys its secondary or tertiary structure by heating, dehydration, oxidation, salification, deamination and charge change.

three

How to choose an effective disinfection products?

one

Direct destruction of RNA

Representative products: ultraviolet lamp, ultraviolet disinfection cabinet.

Common disinfection lamp products

Ultraviolet is an electromagnetic wave, which can be generally divided into:

UVA (ultraviolet a, wavelength 320 ~ 400 nm, long wave)

UVB (wavelength 280 ~ 320 nm, medium wave)

UVC (wavelength 100 ~ 280 nm, short wave)

It should be pointed out that the wavelength below 200nm is vacuum ultraviolet, which can be absorbed by air. Therefore, the wavelength that UVC can pass through the atmosphere is between 200 ~ 280 nm, which is also the wavelength band selected by UV lamps in the market at present. Among them, the sterilization effect is the strongest at 253.7nm.

After Covid-19 is irradiated with UVC, it can undergo photochemical reaction with its genetic material RNA, causing the cleavage of phosphodiester bond and hydrogen bond, forming pyrimidine dimer (such as uracil cyclobutane dimer, uracil hydrate, cytosine hydrate, etc.), thus causing the virus to lose its replication ability.

Ultraviolet lamp disinfection, although effective, is not recommended.

matters need attention

Purchase ultraviolet lamps with 253.7 nm wavelength for disinfection and sterilization (different from decorative ultraviolet lamps, etc.);

Ultraviolet ray penetration is poor, so it should be directly irradiated on the surface of the object during sterilization and disinfection, and the distance from the irradiated object should not exceed 1 meter.

When disinfecting indoors, doors and windows should be closed, and personnel should avoid it. The irradiation time should be not less than half an hour, and after disinfection, it should be fully ventilated.

Ultraviolet rays can damage the skin and cornea, so people should not directly touch or stare, especially children.

2

Destroy protein and inactivate it.

01

Physical heating

Representative products: steam disinfection cabinet/pot/machine, etc.

Common steam boiler

This kind of products use the high temperature of water vapor to break the disulfide bonds and hydrogen bonds in the protein molecule of the virus to destroy its secondary structure; Peptide bonds will also break after a long time.

In this way, protein will change from a regular spiral, spherical and other spatial structures to an irregular extended peptide chain, resulting in irreversible inactivation.

This kind of products are mainly aimed at some heat-resistant items, such as tableware, toys, baby bottles and other small items. It is not recommended to buy it. Boil it directly in a pot or steam it in a steamer, and the same effect can be achieved.

It should be noted that for Covid-19, the temperature should be at least 56℃, and the disinfection time should be at least half an hour to ensure that the virus is fully inactivated.

02

dehydrate

Representative products: medical alcohol

Ethanol (commonly known as alcohol) can kill viruses with envelope structure, so it is effective for Covid-19 this time.

Specifically, alcohol has a certain fat solubility, and according to the principle of "similar compatibility", it can destroy the lipid envelope composed of phospholipid bilayer; At the same time, protein can be dehydrated and denatured when it comes into contact with glycoprotein on the surface of virus envelope, thus inactivating the virus.

It should be emphasized that the reason why 75% alcohol is used is that when the alcohol concentration is too high, the dehydration reaction will be too fast, which will cause the protein in contact to condense rapidly, thus forming a protective dura mater on the surface of the virus to prevent further infiltration of alcohol. When the concentration is too low, it is not enough to kill the virus.

At the concentration of about 75%, the antivirus effect is the best. Alcohol will dissolve the protein envelope first, and then penetrate into the virus a little bit to degrade the genetic material.

The concentration of medical alcohol in the market is mostly 95% and 75%, and the latter has better disinfection effect. If it is the former, it can be diluted with water (100 ml of 95% alcohol and 27 ml of distilled water) to make about 75% alcohol.

If you can’t buy medical alcohol, more than 75% liquor can also be used to disinfect the surface of objects, but because there are other substances besides ethanol, the effect is definitely not as good as medical alcohol. This is an emergency measure and is not recommended for long-term use.

When in use, the alcohol solution can be sprayed in a watering can, or it can be wiped with an alcohol cotton ball made of cotton swabs. Hands, mobile phones, remote controllers, door handles, buttons, keys, keyboards and mice can all be disinfected with it.

matters need attention

Don’t spray alcohol on infants, avoid touching a lot of alcohol on the body, and prevent allergies or alcoholism;

When using alcohol, don’t be close to the heat source, and don’t spray directly into the air to avoid fire;

Do not spray alcohol on clothes to prevent static electricity from causing fire;

When disinfecting the surface of electrical appliances, remember to cut off the power supply, and all items should be reused after the alcohol volatilizes;

Alcohol should be stored in a dark, cool and ventilated place to avoid children’s contact.

03

oxidate

Representative product 1: chlorine-containing disinfectant

All chlorine-containing disinfectants have one thing in common-they can generate hypochlorous acid (HClO) with microbicidal activity after being dissolved in water.

Hypochloric acid has a small molecular weight and strong oxidizing property. When it comes into contact with Covid-19, it will first oxidize the envelope protein to denature it, and at the same time damage its protein shell, so that its protein cross-linking function will be lost, thus further destroying the biological enzyme system and genetic genes and making it inactive.

Common chlorine-containing disinfectants in the market include bleach, bleach, 84 disinfectant, etc., which can be used for household daily necessities (such as tables and chairs, bedside tables, sanitary ware, door and window handles, etc.). It should be pointed out that not all disinfection products with the word "chlorine" are chlorine-containing disinfectants.

Although the main components of this chlorine-containing disinfectant are different, here is a trick for everyone: the main components of the product are "sodium hypochlorite" or "calcium hypochlorite", that is, chlorine-containing disinfectant (of course, the main components of chlorine-containing disinfectant also include hypochlorous acid, trisodium phosphate chloride, sodium dichloroisocyanurate, trichloroisocyanuric acid, chloramine, etc., but the first two are commonly used in household products).

When using, some solid disinfectants (such as bleaching powder) need to be prepared into a solution with a specified concentration for use; Liquid disinfectants (such as 84 disinfectant) need to be diluted with water in a certain proportion before use. Just follow the instructions.

matters need attention

Chlorine-containing disinfectants are generally irritating to some extent, so masks and gloves should be worn and protected when configuring and repackaging;

Chlorine-containing disinfectants are highly oxidizing, so they should be stored away from high temperature, fire sources and children.

Chlorine-containing disinfectants should avoid contact with metal objects and colored clothes to avoid corrosion or fading;

In particular, it should be noted that chlorine-containing disinfectants should not be used with alcohol or toilet cleaner at the same time, which will produce toxic gases and cause harm to human body.

Representative product 2: peroxide disinfectant

Peroxide disinfectant refers to a kind of disinfectant which contains divalent peroxy group "-O-O-" in its molecular structure and can produce active oxygen with bactericidal ability, and the representative is peracetic acid.

It also kills Covid-19 because of its strong oxidizing ability. When exposed to the virus, it can be damaged by removing the electrons of the virus envelope protein, and it can also attack the nucleotide base and sugar-phosphate skeleton, thus destroying the biological structure and function of the virus.

Besides peracetic acid, peroxide disinfectants also include hydrogen peroxide (hydrogen peroxide) and chlorine dioxide.

This is a kind of safe and green disinfectant. Among them, the products containing peracetic acid have the pungent smell of acetic acid, which are mostly used for industrial and agricultural disinfection, and are generally not recommended for household use. Hydrogen peroxide is very suitable for home use, and can be used on tables, nightstands, sanitary ware, door and window handles, stair handrails and other surfaces.

When in use, according to the national standard GB26371-2010 hygienic standard for peroxide disinfectants, "on the surface of general objects, use 0.1% ~ 0.2% peracetic acid or 3.0% hydrogen peroxide for disinfection for 30 minutes, and then rinse with clear water to remove residual disinfectants", or operate according to the product instructions.

matters need attention

Peroxide disinfectants are highly oxidizing and irritating to skin and mucosa, so be careful not to let children touch them.

Peroxide disinfectants should be stored in a ventilated and cool place to avoid high temperature and metal to prevent explosion danger;

Hydrogen peroxide is unstable, and its disinfection ability will fail if it is stored for a long time. Therefore, it is recommended to store it in the dark and seal it tightly, and use it as soon as possible after opening.

It is worth mentioning that disinfection products (such as Di Lu, Verus, etc.) whose main component is "p-chloroxylenol" is controversial at present.

Dew disinfectant

P-Chloro-m-xylenol (PCMX for short) belongs to phenolic disinfectant, and there are few reports on its action on coronavirus. According to the experimental results in recent years, this kind of disinfectant is effective for SARS-CoV SARS virus, human coronavirus 229E and MHV coronavirus.

In view of the high homology between Covid-19 and SRAS virus, we infer that the disinfectant containing p-chloroxylenol may have a killing effect on novel coronavirus.

The best effective concentration of p-chloro-m-xylenol is 0.12%, and the specific products can be used according to the instructions or diluted with water.

Another one that is discussed more is the ozone machine.

Ozone machine, picture from Amazon.

In terms of mechanism, the strong oxidation of ozone is effective for viruses. Previously, there have been experimental reports on the inactivation of SARS virus by active oxygen and ozone, and a high inactivation efficiency has been achieved.

However, ozone is highly irritating, unstable in chemical properties, harmful to human body due to poor dose control, and the official has not given a clear conclusion at present, so it still needs to be used as a home disinfection method as appropriate.

That’s the summary of all the effective disinfection products for Covid-19. In view of the current outbreak of pneumonia, experts from the Health and Health Commission pointed out: "Disinfection is an important means to cut off the route of transmission and control the epidemic of infectious diseases."

I hope everyone will do a good job in home protection and scientific disinfection, so that the virus has no chance.

– END –

Author | Xiao Tian, mother of a four-year-old girl, master of biology, working mother, parent-child freelance writer; I like to record the baby’s growth in words and practice raising daily life with scientific concepts.

Editor | Octopus Mom, the mother of a two-year-old boy

References | [1] Diagnosis and treatment scheme of pneumonia infected in novel coronavirus (trial sixth edition)

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[3] Tell you the pathogenesis and spread of COVID-19 with academic papers | |PaperPP.

https://m.paperpp.com/news/2146.html

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Limei Xu, Zhang Chongmiao, et al. Disinfection effect of ultraviolet rays and sodium hypochlorite on Escherichia coli and Poliovirus. Environmental Science, 2017, 38(5): 1928-1935.

[7]Rastogi R P, Richa, Kumar A, et al. Molecular mechanisms ofultraviolet radiation-induced DNA damage and repair. Journal of Nucleic Acids,2010: 592980.

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[9]Sigstam T, Gannon G, Cascella M, et al. Subtle Differences invirus composition affect disinfection kinetics and mechanisms. Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology, 2013, 79(11): 3455–3467.

[10] Wang Ling, Xu Yan. Evaluation of germicidal efficacy of hypochlorous acid disinfectant on environmental media. China Disinfection Impurities, 2019,36(10),724-727.

[11] Jason, Chen Zhaobin. New research progress of peroxide disinfectants. China Disinfection Impurities, 2019,36(09),709-711.

[12]GB/T 36758-2018 Hygienic requirements for chlorine-containing disinfectants

[13]GB 26371-2010 Hygienic standard for peroxide disinfectants

[14]Wolff, M. H., Sattar, S. A., Adegbunrin, O., Tetro, J. Environmental survival and microbicide inactivation of coronaviruses. InCoronaviruses with special emphasis on first insights concerning SARS.Basel:Birkhaüser,2005:201-212.

[15]Dellanno C,Vega Q,Boesenberg D.The antiviral actionof common household disinfectants and antiseptics against murine hepatitisvirus, a potential surrogate for coronavirus. American journal of infectioncontrol.2009,37(8):649-652.

Original title: "Is this disinfection really effective? How on earth was Covid-19 inactivated? 》

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