This article is the original article of Kanjian Daily for the health sector. For more in-depth articles, please click: Kanjian Daily.

With the promotion of vaccination in COVID-19, many people have received vaccination notices one after another and made an appointment to vaccinate COVID-19 vaccine. But at the same time of vaccination, many people also questioned: what is the vaccine we are playing? Does it really work?In fact, there are many kinds of vaccines in Covid-19, including inactivated vaccine, adenovirus vector vaccine and mRNA vaccine, as well as COVID-19 vaccines such as recombinant subunit, synthetic peptides and DNA. Each vaccine has different ways and advantages.

Inactivated vaccine is the "base"

Inactivated vaccine is the most traditional vaccine preparation method. Inactivated vaccine can be simply understood as that by injecting artificially inactivated pathogenic microorganisms or their metabolites (antigens) into the body, the human body can recognize the antigens to produce specific antibodies. Once invaded by external specific viruses, these specific antibodies will mediate the body’s defense function and thus resist the invasion of viruses.

Inactivated vaccine is a mature technology, and its safety is good, but the production cycle is long (more than 60 days), and its immunogenicity becomes weak, so it needs multiple immunizations to strengthen the curative effect. Inactivated vaccines on the market include: Japanese encephalitis inactivated vaccine, hepatitis A inactivated vaccine, rabies vaccine, cholera vaccine, etc., which can be said to be widely used.

Figure 1: Inactivated vaccine (from IMMUNOLOGY.org)

COVID-19 inactivated vaccine, which contains inactivated virus SARS-CoV-2, still retains some antigenicity, but it will not cause the vaccinator to be infected with COVID-19; It can be recognized by the immune system and activate the immune response.After the successful establishment of immune memory, the immune system of the vaccinated person will have immune resistance to Covid-19 in the future. At present, Sinovac Kexing Bio, Sinopharm Chinese Medicine and COVID-19 Vaccine from Bharat Biotechnology are all inactivated vaccines.

However, due to the lack of activity, long production cycle and low vector conversion rate of inactivated vaccine, many countries have begun to develop the latest vaccine types …

Table 1: Some clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccine under study [1]

The development of nucleic acid vaccine is "the general trend"

As a newly emerging biological product at the gene level, nucleic acid vaccine plays a vital role in the prevention and control of many diseases such as bacteria, viruses, parasites and tumors.In recent years, with the emergence of various new diseases, the disadvantages of traditional vaccines are gradually exposed, which can no longer meet people’s needs. Traditional vaccines, such as attenuated vaccines and inactivated vaccines, are generally transformed by vectors, and their immune efficiency is low. Studies have found that attenuated vaccines may also have toxic residues, which may lead to the risk of secondary infection. As a new vaccine, nucleic acid vaccine can activate the immune mechanism of the body through specific channels, thus achieving the effect of rapid immunization, which is safer and more efficient than traditional vaccines [2].

Nucleic acid vaccines are mainly divided into DNA vaccines and RNA vaccines. DNA-based vaccines are mostly used in tumors, while the new COVID-19 vaccines currently under development are mostly mRNA-based vaccines. The inoculation method of nucleic acid vaccine and the regulation of influencing factors have great influence on inducing the expression of antigen protein in the body, especially the selection of promoter and vector. In addition, there are various inoculation methods of nucleic acid vaccine, and choosing the appropriate inoculation route of nucleic acid vaccine will help to improve the transformation rate of vaccine. In the future, nucleic acid vaccine will become an indispensable biological product in the fields of human disease prevention and treatment, and has broad application prospects.

Table 2: Some nucleic acid vaccines under research for tumors (compiled by the author)

MRNA vaccine is expected to become a "hard-core" vaccine against COVID-19 mutation quickly.

Essentially, a nucleic acid vaccine is to inject a plasmid vector with a specific pathogenic microorganism foreign antigen coding gene (mostly DNA) sequence into a specific host cell. Under the control of the vector plasmid, the foreign antigen gene is transcribed into a specific antigenic mRNA (this process usually requires the participation of a strong promoter), and a functional protein is generated through a series of signal transmission to activate the immune response.

At present, many vaccines developed by COVID-19 vaccine research and development companies are mRNA vaccines, and mRNA vaccines have obvious advantages compared with inactivated vaccines..Firstly, because mRNA vaccine does not depend on cell amplification, its detection and quality control are relatively simple. Secondly, the speed of vaccine production is also very important for the current situation because it saves the time of cell culture and expansion and greatly improves the vaccine productivity. At present, as the third generation vaccine technology, mRNA vaccine is a technical route vaccine used by many western developed countries. MRNA vaccine can accurately express antigen and activate the dual immune mechanism of "body fluid +T cells", which has strong immunogenicity and does not need adjuvant.

Figure 2: Overview of nucleic acid vaccine in COVID-19 (from IMMUNOLOGY.org)

It is worth noting that on April 6th, 2021, the top medical journal, the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), published a communication article from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), reporting the antibody attenuation after 6 months of inoculation with mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (mRNA-1273).

Figure 3: Anti-body persistence through 6 months after the second dose of mRNA-1273 vacuum forcovid-19

In this study, the serum of 33 patients inoculated with two doses of mRNA-1273 was analyzed. Through two neutralization test methods, pseudovirus neutralization test and live virus FRNT test, it was found that the serum neutralization activity of mRNA-1273 vaccinators of all ages continued at ID50100 and above for up to 6 months after vaccination. It can be seen from the curve in the study that the neutralization activity of mRNA-1273 reached the peak 7 days after the second inoculation.

Table 3: Time course of SARS-CoV-2 antibody binding and neutralization reaction after 3：mRNA-1273 vaccination

From the kinetic curve of antibody metabolism provided by this study, it can be seen that the serum neutralizing antibody level is very stable after inoculation with mRNA-1273, and the antibody activity in all age groups remains at a high level on the 209th day of inoculation. Moreover, this result has been verified in three different types of tests. It should be noted that the antibody level does decrease with age.

Write it at the end

Based on the advantages of mRNA vaccine, the World Health Organization (WHO) has approved the urgent use of mRNA vaccine. At present, 68 countries and regions including the United States, Britain, China and Hongkong have introduced mRNA vaccine. But even if the mRNA vaccine is so superior, there are still many disadvantages.

First of all, from the principle of action, when the mRNA vaccine is injected into the host, there is a certain chance that the foreign antigen sequence fragment will be mistakenly integrated into the genome of the organism, causing the disease of the organism [2]. Secondly, from the technical point of view, RNA itself is unstable, and mRNA is likely to be degraded when it enters the body, so it needs to be delivered by additional vectors. In addition, transportation and storage may require very strict and low temperature conditions, which will be a great challenge in research and development.

However, it is undeniable that in the clinical trial reports of various mRNA vaccines, the antibodies produced by them can be maintained in the body for at least 6 months. Some experts believe: "With the research on antibodies and other related factors of immunity after vaccination in COVID-19, it is expected that we will observe that immunity will last for a longer time [4]." It can be predicted that mRNA vaccine represents the world’s leading nucleic acid vaccine route, and together with the traditional technical route vaccine, it will form a joint phalanx of vaccine research and development, which will bring dawn to the decisive victory of global anti-epidemic.

References:

1. Xing Kai, etal., systematic evaluation of the efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccine. China Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics, 2021.23 (03): P.221-228.

2. Li Wei, Cao Wenjing, and Cheng Yongxiang, the latest research progress of nucleic acid vaccine. Contemporary Animal Husbandry, 2020 (09): P.16-19.

3.Doria-Rose，N.，etal.，Anti body Persistence through 6 Month safter the Second Dose of mRNA-1273 Vaccine for Covid-19.NEnglJMed，2021.

4. How long will COVID-19 vaccine "work" from a new medical perspective? NEJM publishes data on the persistence of mRNA vaccine protection. New medical perspectives, 2021.

Welcome to submit good articles on medical health. After employment, the remuneration is rich, and priority is given to the promotion of the whole platform in the health sector.

Please send the manuscript to: wangdandan@hmkx.cn

　　Recently, Taicang, a county-level city under the jurisdiction of Suzhou, issued a "zero cost" entrepreneurship support policy for college students.

　　According to "Several Measures on Supporting Taicang University Science Park to Create the First Choice for College Students’ Innovation and Entrepreneurship in the Yangtze River Delta", the college students’ entrepreneurship project that came to Taitai for the first time directly gave 50,000 yuan of entrepreneurship funding; Those who have settled in the winning projects of the National College Students’ Innovation and Entrepreneurship Competition will be given entrepreneurship funding directly according to the first prize of 500,000 yuan, the second prize of 300,000 yuan and the third prize of 200,000 yuan.

　　In order to reduce the cost of college students’ entrepreneurship, the local government will also give the newly settled college students’ entrepreneurship project in Dakeyuan a three-year rent-free venue; Those who employ college graduates who have been employed for the first time in Taitai will be given a subsidy of 3,000 yuan per person after paying social security for 6 months.

　　On December 16th, the relevant person in charge of Taicang told CBN that they have no restrictions on the content and form of college students’ entrepreneurial projects, and any project can enjoy this policy. "As long as it is registered in Dake Park, this is the first in China". Once the registration is completed, the 50,000-yuan business start-up grant will be paid to the company account at one time.

　　This package of support policies for college students’ entrepreneurship is under the background that the Ministry of Education issued the Notice on Doing a Good Job in the Employment and Entrepreneurship of College Graduates in 2024 (hereinafter referred to as the Notice) on December 1. The "Notice" decided to implement the "Promotion Action for Employment and Entrepreneurship of College Graduates in 2024", continuously improve the employment and entrepreneurship service system for college graduates, and fully promote the high-quality and full employment of college graduates.

　　The above policy of Taicang will be implemented on January 1, 2024, with a trial period of one year, and the Talent Office of the Municipal Party Committee, High-tech Zone and relevant departments will be responsible for the interpretation.

　　Ceng Gang, dean of the Urban Development Research Institute of East China Normal University, told CBN that the latest policy issued by Taicang provides a new case for attracting talents from all over the country in the new era, and is generally implementing concrete actions for the integration and development of scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation. "Taicang hopes that by holding ‘ Talent ’ This bull’s nose is a wise move to achieve the goal of innovation and high-quality development. From the perspective of specific fields, providing employment subsidies for talents and optimizing the ecological environment for innovation and entrepreneurship are effective and effective. "

　　However, Ceng Gang suggested that optimizing the investment environment and attracting foreign and local investment to promote college students’ employment should be the main and important policy direction. Considering the high risk of entrepreneurship and the lack of business experience of college students, it is debatable to take college students’ entrepreneurship as the first priority of preferential policies.

　　Taicang’s above-mentioned talent policy says it will increase financial support for entrepreneurship. For example, an angel investment fund of 300 million yuan was established, and the highest equity investment of 3 million yuan was given to the entrepreneurial projects of college students. We launched the "Loucheng College Students’ Entrepreneurship Loan", a government-enhanced financial product, to provide risk compensation, with a maximum loan of 1 million yuan for a single project. At the same time, increase subsidies in technology and finance, and grant loans to enterprises such as "Suke Loan" and "Louchengke Creation Loan" at the rate of 5&permil of the actual payment; Give a subsidy of up to 500,000 yuan/year; For enterprise intellectual property pledge financing, the maximum reward is 100,000 yuan according to 1% of the actual financing amount.

　　The goal of Taicang’s new policy is to create the first choice for college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship in the Yangtze River Delta. As the first choice for college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship in China, the war of grabbing people in the Yangtze River Delta region is becoming increasingly fierce.

　　In recent years, Anji County, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province, which has increased its efforts to develop new economic industries, has also introduced a package of policies with great efforts around the strategic goal of "introducing 100,000 young college students" this year.

　　Among them, in terms of entrepreneurship subsidies, Anji gives college students or college students who come to start a business for the first time within five years after graduation an entrepreneurship subsidy of 2,500 yuan/month, which will be enjoyed from the next month after normal operation, with a subsidy period of one year. For eligible Qingchuang projects that have settled in Qingchuang Space, a startup subsidy of 2,500 yuan/month will be given, with a subsidy period of 1 year; Those selected as Class A, B, and C youth creation projects will be given 220,000 yuan, 90,000 yuan, and 30,000 yuan respectively, which will be allocated by 50% in two phases. Support the third-party operation and management of Qingchuang Space, and give a maximum financial reward of 150,000 yuan.

　　In addition to entrepreneurship subsidies, talents who come to Anji for employment and entrepreneurship can also receive monthly subsidies for settling down and renting houses. Among them, 2000 yuan/month for doctoral students, 1200 yuan/month for master students and "double-first-class" university graduates, 400 yuan/month for other undergraduate graduates and 250 yuan/month for college graduates. As for the rental subsidy, the period of subsidy is 2,200 yuan/month for doctoral students, 1,500 yuan/month for master students and "double-class" university graduates, 800 yuan/month for other undergraduate graduates and 650 yuan/month for junior college graduates.

　　In addition to Jiangsu and Zhejiang, Shanghai and Anhui have also introduced relevant measures for talent employment and entrepreneurship this year. Yao Kai, director of the Global Science and Technology Talents Development Research Center of Fudan University and chief expert of the Shanghai Talent Theory Research Base, said earlier that in the face of the complicated and changeable situation of attracting talents, a single talent development measure has been difficult to meet the needs of long-term sustainable development of talents. In addition to the attractive talent policy, it also needs to be equipped with comprehensive, systematic and operational support measures.

　　While the war of robbing people is escalating, the integration of talents in the Yangtze River Delta is also expected to accelerate. The 5th Yangtze River Delta G60 Science and Technology Corridor Talent Summit, which opened in Huzhou, Zhejiang Province on December 16th, focused on deeper talent integration, released the Implementation Plan of Yangtze River Delta G60 Science and Technology Corridor Talents Leading Innovation Highland Construction (2023-2025), signed a cooperation project on talent integration in nine cities of Yangtze River Delta G60 Science and Technology Corridor, and established a strategic cooperation alliance for the introduction and education of young talents in nine cities.

Original: Wu Meimei IT orange

Author: Wu Meimei

Source: IT orange (itjuzi521)

Recently, Zuckerberg, CEO of Facebook, made a fire. "If the United States doesn’t act, then China will overtake us! The reason is that digital currency Libra, launched by FB, has been opposed by regulators in various countries only four months since its high-profile release (French and German regulators have issued a joint statement that "the right to issue money is part of national sovereignty and private companies cannot own it"); A quarter of the founding members such as VISA and eBay announced their withdrawal from the Libra Association.

Looking back on the past 25 years, technology has changed and developed by leaps and bounds, and the Internet has experienced two waves of Web and mobile. A number of technology predators such as Amazon, Google and Facebook have been born in the United States, and Silicon Valley has become the "Internet Holy Land" that attracts worldwide attention. While China began to learn from American technology companies after accessing the Internet in 1994, and now the penetration rate of mobile payment has been ahead of the world, far exceeding that of developed countries in Europe and America. Zuckerberg felt the threat from China.

It must be said that this change is closely related to the openness of the Internet: the Internet has crossed national boundaries since its birth. Most of the first Internet tycoons like Li Yanhong in China are returnees, so it is the only way to learn the new models, technologies and products of Silicon Valley in the United States. To this end, IT Orange has sorted out the star Internet benchmarking companies that have emerged at home and abroad in the past 20 years and found an interesting phenomenon-

In recent years, the global 2C Internet has become so popular that it can even be called "outstanding". They have changed the lifestyle of human beings such as shopping, socializing, entertainment, reading, traveling and even eating. As a "backward student", China probably experienced these three stages: the first stage, completely imitating and copying the American model, represented by Baidu search, QQ and Taobao; In the second stage, learn from foreign new models and carry out localization improvement, represented by Sina Weibo, Renren.com and JD.COM; The third stage is to dig deep into the local market and discover new business opportunities and new models, represented by today’s headlines and Tik Tok.

The Internet has no borders, and successful business models are similar.

According to the incomplete statistics of IT oranges, there are 29 American star companies in this arrangement, involving 8 fields, of which 11 are the most social fields, followed by 8 in the local life field and 4 in the cultural and entertainment field. Nine companies have been acquired, and a total of 15 companies have been listed; There are 30 star companies in China, involving 8 fields, of which 9 are social fields, 8 are local life fields, and 6 are cultural and entertainment fields. Four companies have been acquired and 11 companies have been listed. (The article is very long. It is recommended to read it after collection.)

From the perspective of time span, China’s response to the market is getting faster and faster. For example, Taobao was born eight years later than eBay, and WeChat was born two years later than WhatsApp. The recognition and acceptance of the Internet is getting higher and higher, and the online penetration rate is gradually rising. Even the development of cmnet has surpassed that of the United States.

Judging from the outcome, the first batch of Internet start-ups have only been established for 25 years. Whether in the United States or China, most of them have gone to the two common outlets of merger or IPO (the place of listing will usually be Nasdaq in the United States). Why is this happening? The role of capital behind it should not be underestimated.

For venture capital companies to recover their investment, there are only two ways for founders and early employees of technology companies to get the return of starting a business. The first is to be acquired, such as youtube being acquired by google, Youku being acquired by Ali and skype being acquired by ebay. This method is quick to get money and simple to operate, but it is only a short-term cash-out, and there is no long-term return. Such companies often have good technology or many users, but they are difficult to make profits or are in a state of sustained losses.

The second is the initial public offer (ipo) of some shares of the company on the trading market, commonly known as listing, which is suitable for companies with sustainable profitability. It can not only make investors and founders get long-term returns, but also raise funds for the development of enterprises.

Judging from the time of listing, around 2000 was the Internet bubble period. We can see that there were Yahoo, Amazon, eBay and other companies listed in the United States one to three years after their establishment. At that time, China’s Internet-based technology companies also piled up to list in the United States. Whether it is the early four major portals or today’s mobile Internet rookie, except Tencent and Meituan Dianping, the rest are listed in the United States (Nasdaq or new york).

EBay and Taobao have exactly the same business model, and now a moat is established.

In 1995, pierre-Omidyar, an American engineer of Iranian origin, put the yard junk and flea market on the Internet, which was originally called webauction and later called ebay. Later, ebay gradually changed from an online flea market to an online free market, helping small businesses in e-commerce to open their own stores through eBay.

However, the biggest problem ebay is also facing is fraud. There are many fakes. In 2007, The Times reported that the author of Harry Potter sued ebay for selling pirated books. In the same year, Louis Vuitton sued ebay for selling counterfeit lv brand goods and claimed 37 million euros from eBay. Previously, tiffany, a famous jeweler, also filed a similar lawsuit with the court. Some fraud gangs take advantage of the loopholes in ebay’s transaction feedback (comment) system to sell some small commodities at low prices, get high scores, then sell thousands of dollars of big commodities, and then run away.

The core of C2C online trading mode is to solve two problems, namely, credit problem and payment problem. In view of the credit problem, ebay’s solution is to let buyers and sellers evaluate each other and form a set of credit evaluation system. In terms of payment, cash, checks and credit cards all have obvious disadvantages. In 2002, PayPal, an online payment company, was acquired (but in July 2015, PayPal was split and listed independently, and the 13-year "marriage" between the two companies was terminated). Taobao has also spared no effort to solve the above two problems, such as "counterfeiting" and improving community rules; In 2004, Alipay, a payment guarantee platform, and Want Want, an instant chat tool, were successively launched, which was also one of Ali’s forward-looking strategies.

Taobao’s biggest competitor was eBay, and Taobao Xiaoer left the seller on the Taobao platform for free. Then, around the Taobao system, Ali launched the IM chat tool Ali Want Want, the data marketing platform Ali Mama, through train, Juhua, Tmall (formerly Taobao Mall), Yitao, etc., and established a strong e-commerce ecosystem; In addition, according to the investment map statistics of IT orange companies, Ali also acquired 66 companies, represented by Youku, UC browser and Hungry; 158 enterprises have been invested strategically, which have blossomed in the fields of entertainment, logistics (rookie network), cloud computing (Alibaba Cloud) and enterprise services.

At present, Alibaba’s market value is $465.2 billion, equivalent to three ebay+PayPal (with a total market value of $152.5 billion); In terms of the number of users, the number of buyers of ebay in the world has reached 175 million, the number of retail users in China has reached 785 million, and the annual active users of Taobao and Tmall have reached 256 million and 227 million. Obviously, in the field of e-commerce and consumption, the market prospect and scale of Internet enterprises in China are far greater than those in the United States.

Amazon and Dangdang started as online bookstores, and the ending was quite different.

Also in 1995, bezos, an analyst on Wall Street in New York, founded Amazon, a B2C online bookstore. In order to avoid taxes reasonably, bezos chose to open an online bookstore in Seattle instead of Silicon Valley in California. Because buying books is not like selling clothes, it is a standardized commodity, and it can’t be returned casually, so it is suitable for online sales. It took Amazon only seven years to reach the turnover that barnes&noble, the largest chain bookstore in the United States, took 130 years to reach (in 2002, Amazon’s turnover reached $3.9 billion, while barnes&noble reached $3.7 billion in the same period).

Obviously, the ceiling of the online bookstore is obvious. For sustainable growth, Amazon has developed from the largest online bookstore to an online department store in the United States and assumed the role of a transaction guarantee platform. Users pay money to Amazon, and Amazon keeps customers’ payment information confidential, and charges merchants a handling fee. At the same time, it stipulates the maximum charge for each product (on ebay, some products are priced at a penny, but they charge more than ten dollars for postage).

In June 1998, Amazon Music Store was officially launched. In order to compete with its rivals, Amazon has adopted a large-scale expansion strategy to become the largest online music product retailer; On August 19, 2004, Amazon acquired Joyo.com with a total capital of 75 million US dollars and officially entered China. In 2005, Amazon Prime service was launched, and until March 2014, the membership service kept the price of $79. 2006: AWS Amazon cloud service was launched; Amazon Kindle； was released in 2007; In 2012, it acquired the robot manufacturing company Kiva for $775 million in cash.

Today, Amazon has become the second largest Internet company in the world, with a market value of 881.1 billion US dollars, second only to Google, and has successfully surpassed the leading Facebook a few years ago. Its business involves e-commerce, intelligent hardware, video, cloud, media and other fields.

Dangdang, which is also an online bookstore, has recently been plagued by negative founders and its share price has plummeted, with a market of only $500 million. Where is the failure of Dangdang? It is largely attributed to the founder’s own pattern and strategic vision, including the positioning of the company, the attitude towards competitors, and the brand marketing PR without strengthening their own business capabilities and improving their core competitiveness.

For example, when the sales volume of paper books fell due to the influence of e-books, Dangdang positioned itself as an online bookstore, only playing in the book market. Even if the category expanded 3C and new clothing business later, it was not a strategic focus. Even in August 2011, Li Guoqing publicly stated at the 2011 Internet Conference, "Dangdang’s 3C products are only a stopgap measure, and if the opponent gives up Dangdang, it will also give up. "So that in the face of JD.COM’s attack on the book category, Dangdang’s share is gradually eroding, and the competition in shopping malls is always cruel.

Another example is Li Guoqing’s exultation. He was quite proud of his creative planning case of "Dare to Do and Dare to Dangdang" and awarded the CEO Award to the team. May I ask: "What is the core of the slogan? Optimize the after-sales return service, or improve the delivery speed, or discount more? Shouting a slogan in the air is not to compete in PK strength, but to fight a public relations war of words.

The worst star Internet companies in history are Yahoo and Renren.

In July 2016, after a series of management turnover and strategic mistakes, Yahoo with the highest market value of $128 billion finally sold its Internet core assets to Verizon Communications, an American telecom operator. This former internet star can’t help but be embarrassed.

Yahoo was founded in the dormitory of Stanford University in 1994, and was initially positioned as a web portal. Compared with Google defined by "search" and eBay defined by "auction", Yahoo executives have different definitions of their own companies, which may be "email", "news" and "search". After six CEO changes, including founder Yang Zhiyuan, he can make it clear what Yahoo is. It is still a vague Internet portal.

In 2000, Yahoo and Google co-founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin discussed the acquisition of Google for $1 billion, but the two sides could not agree on the purchase price. In 2006, Yahoo considered buying Facebook for $1 billion. But once again, the two sides abandoned the transaction because they could not agree on the price. Some former Yahoo employees said that the reason for Yahoo’s slow decline is very simple: it missed development opportunities such as search, social media and mobile.

Seeing him climb a tall building, seeing his building collapse.

Another "he is my brother" Renren. com, whose market value has fallen to freezing point, has a share price of less than $1. In 2018, it was sold to Duoniu Media at a low price of $20 million, which caused another sigh.

Before the transaction, Chen Yizhou said, "I declare that I am no longer suitable to be a social product for young people. Renren. com, I have used it much less recently, although I logged in almost every day until a year or two ago. Most of our social colleagues have left their jobs. Although I think they are awesome, you don’t think so, and I can’t help it … So, who will do it? I definitely didn’t do it. It’s possible to contract with an awesome person inside the company (it’s unlikely, if you can’t be a user, you will still be scolded …), or to cooperate with an awesome external team and company! 」

Speaking of it, Renren originated from the campus network founded by Wang Xing, focusing on real interpersonal relationships and real-name registration system. It was acquired by Thousand Oaks Group in 2005 and renamed Renren in 2009. Began to March into the white-collar market from campus; In 2011, Renren.com quickly caught up with the number of QQ users and went public in the United States. At its peak, its market value reached 9.4 billion US dollars. For a while, it became a daily routine to find junior high school students and college alumni on Renren.

It was also in that year that WeChat appeared.

Renren’s failure is more due to Chen Yizhou’s strategic mistakes in transformation and the team’s execution is not in place. Netizens use this jingle to describe the operation of Renren. com: "Common sense of life and makeup skills are the secrets of the twelve constellations. I don’t regret the success of recording, and the thesis is full of IELTS questions. The golden sentence of love is the portal, and the tears of men and women are painful. What heartache did you read? No, it’s not Chinese. 」

Of course, there is also ill-timed luck. Why did Facebook succeed in the same SNS community, but Renren failed? Compared with Facebook, the first factor is that everyone is in a fierce competitive environment, followed by the diversity of the population structure of netizens in China and the huge differences in habits and preferences.

Facebook is facing declining MSN, MySpace and Google+, Renren is facing QQ space (personalized primary school users), Baidu Post Bar (irrigation users), and later Weibo (groupies) WeChat, etc. However, everyone did not think about their core competitiveness, focused on serving the original college students, blindly transformed to serve all netizens, and finally became a nondescript product.

Therefore, it is not that Renren is too weak, but that its opponents are too strong. (Who has been spared by Heaven. jpg)

China’s version of Meituan’s comments are strong and United, and the American versions of GroupOn and Yelp are declining after listing.

Yelp is an online review website in the United States. It was established in 2004 and listed on the New York Stock Exchange on March 2, 2012, with an IPO financing of 100 million US dollars. The current market value is 2.48 billion yuan.

Groupon, the originator of the group buying website, was founded in November 2008, and it quickly became popular because of "launching a discounted product every day and limiting everyone to shoot once a day". On November 4, 2011, Groupon landed on Nasdaq; The IPO raised 700 million dollars. Since then, Groupon has developed rapidly. At the beginning of 2015, its business spread to 47 countries around the world, and its business scope expanded from group buying to online shopping. It also launched group buying business with Gaopeng.com (Gaopeng.com), a joint venture established by Tencent.

However, Gaopeng.com was finally closed. In 2016, Groupon CEO Rich Williams said that he realized that "the supply and product growth did not meet expectations, and the high-frequency local services were not invested enough and needed more investment; Shopping for low-profit goods can increase income, but it is not conducive to the healthy development of the company … "

As of October 29, 2019, Groupon’s share price has fallen to $3, and Groupon’s market value was as high as $16 billion. At present, it is only $1.7 billion. Since 2018, company executives have been seeking business for sale, and Ali is one of the potential buyers.

Perhaps witnessing the tragic end of Groupon, Meituan. com refused to go public independently. At the end of 2014, Wang Xing talked about how to treat the heavy trading model and the light information service model in an interview with Forbes Chinese website. The current market value of heavy Groupon has been surpassed by the light Yelp.

Wang Xing: Now Yelp is 3.8 billion, GrubHub is 2.9 billion and Groupon is 5.4 billion, slightly more. But if you look at Priceline (that is, booking), it has nearly 60 billion. They are both very low, and I think they are not doing the right thing. Our current valuation is higher than both of them. (Meituan is valued at $7 billion, almost twice as fast as Groupon.)

It can be seen that Wang Xing’s purpose is by no means as simple as buying a website, but to become a giant in the field of local life services like booking and Priceline. According to the statistics of IT Orange Company’s investment map, Meituan has invested in 69 enterprises, accounting for half of the local life, especially in the catering field. It is not surprising that Meituan takes out food and merges with public comments. In September 2018, Meituan Dianping was listed in Hong Kong, with a current market value of 68.1 billion yuan, ranking ninth, second only to booking, with a difference of nearly 20 billion US dollars.

TIkTok (overseas version of Tik Tok) is popular in the United States, which led to Facebook plagiarism.

TIkTok and Tiktok are on fire, and the earliest fire is musical.ly, which may be the earliest short video APP； in the world to cut into 15 seconds; Musical.ly officially appeared in the North American market in 2014. Since then, it has developed rapidly and once topped the US App Store list. The product was developed by a team of less than 10 people from China in Shanghai and San Francisco. It was once regarded as a "miracle" of China’s Internet products in the primary market. In 2017, the company was ready to enter the domestic market.

At this time, Tik Tok, which was hatched in today’s headlines, was launched in September 2016. In the first half of 2017, she launched the Tik Tok Red Man Project, and invited 300 talents from platforms such as Weibo and xiaokaxiu to sponsor "China has Hip Hop", and Wu Yifan made great efforts to stand on the platform; By June of 2018, the number of daily users in Tik Tok exceeded 150 million, and the number of monthly users exceeded 300 million, making it a phenomenal product.

Among them, the most obvious change comes from the platform content. In the early days, the most popular content of Tik Tok Platform was mainly singing and dancing and moving mirrors by hand, accounting for more than 50% of the content. Nowadays, the popular content in Tik Tok Station is more diversified and balanced, covering 19 categories, among which music, dance, food, animals, sports, parent-child and travel all account for about 5%.

TikTok’s overseas version of TikTok won market recognition after it was launched in January 2018. India’s Economic Times quoted the data of Sensor Tower, a world-renowned third-party data monitoring company, as saying that the global download volume of TikTok in the first quarter of 2018 was 188 million, of which India accounted for 47%. Facebook ranked second with 176 million, with India accounting for 21%.

Since TikTok’s strategic focus is on the US, Japanese and Indian markets, in 2017, ByteDance (the parent company of today’s headlines) bought musical.ly for $1 billion to seize the US market; In August 2018, musical.ly and TikTok, which have more than 100 million monthly active users, were integrated into a brand-new short video platform.

In just one and a half years, TikTok has covered 150 countries and regions, covering 75 languages, with more than 700 million monthly active users worldwide, including 200 million users in India. In contrast, Facebook currently has 300 million users in India, but TikTok has surpassed Facebook in downloads.

In November 2018, Facebook released a video application-Lasso in a low-key way. The product did not hold a press conference, and even foreign media called it a "clone version of Tik Tok" from China.

Lasso also adopts the mode of vertical screen and cyclic video playback, and slides up to switch to the next video. Users can filter videos through # theme tags, and Lasso puts popular tags at the bottom of the video playing page. In addition, the length of the video recorded on Lasso is set to 15 seconds at most, and users can add background music, adjust the slow speed and fast forward to increase the interest of the video.

As Taylor Lorenz, the author of Atlantic, commented on Twitter, "It’s like Facebook moved TikTok’s video content. 」

According to foreign media reports, by the end of September 2019, Lasso had been downloaded 425,000 times, while TikTok had been installed 640 million times outside China during the same period, with a total of 1.4 billion times. Zuckerberg has felt the great threat of TikTok, so he can understand what he said at the beginning.

It can be said that from learning imitation to active innovation is a process of Internet development in China. We can see that there are both successful experiences and painful lessons, which are insignificant in the long history of China, but still worth studying.

For example, from the perspective of business models, the most successful models that have been verified in the PC Internet era are mainly e-commerce, instant chat, and online search. They have made Alibaba, Tencent, and Baidu respectively, and the relatively successful model is the US group comment in the local life field. Didi in the field of travel; What comes out of the mobile Internet era is the innovation and subdivision of the original model, such as Pinduoduo, a representative of social e-commerce, and Tik Tok, a short video community.

In addition, most of them are either lack of profit model or out of scale. For example, business socialization has been tepid in China, and the development of LinkedIn has not been smooth after it entered China, or it is not suitable for China’s national conditions. For example, the habit of dining reservation in Chinese has not been cultivated, so the development of catering reservation enterprises represented by small secretary for ordering food is not successful; And anonymous society, represented by "No Secrets/Secrets" in the transformation, was once on fire for a while, but in the end, it could not escape the supervision under low-cost cyber violence and the closure under the difficult realization.

It is necessary to explain that personally, the business model is essentially a strategy or an idea, unlike literary and computer works, which have "copyright" and cannot be protected; Moreover, the scale of the company’s final development and whether it can grow rapidly are not all determined by the business model. Even if it is the same model, the strategy is wrong, and the mistake may be beyond redemption. Say a thousand words and ten thousand words, learn from them or copy and plagiarize them; For competitors who are also startups, this is understandable. What entrepreneurs are afraid of and what netizens criticize is nothing more than the "unkind" copying of Dafa by giants.

Throughout these decades, 2C Internet products (including APP) have formed an oligopoly pattern in both the United States and China, and the entrepreneurial field has become more and more subdivided, which also means that innovation is becoming more and more difficult. On the other hand, China’s 2B Internet products are still a wasteland waiting to be developed. On the other side of the Pacific Ocean, a giant with a market value of $12 billion like Slack has been born in the United States, which was founded in 2009. So far, there is no 2B Internet company in China. When will the spring of domestic SaaS come?

The content of the article has reference: Wu Jun’s "Top of the Tide"

Original title: "Tik Tok swept the world and cited FB plagiarism, China Internet from following to leading | Detailed explanation of PK of 60 benchmarking giants at home and abroad"

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According to the Civil Service Law, the Regulations on the Employment of Civil Servants, the Implementation Measures for the Employment of Civil Servants in Jiangsu Province and relevant laws and regulations, the Civil Service Bureau of Jiangsu Province will organize and implement the recruitment of civil servants in the 2022 provincial examination. In 2022, the organs at all levels in the province and the reference civil service law management (hereinafter referred to as reference management) units will employ 8159 civil servants below the first-level chief clerk and other equivalent ranks and staff of reference management units through examination. The relevant matters are hereby announced as follows.

First, the application conditions and objects

(1) Application conditions

1. Have People’s Republic of China (PRC) nationality;

2. Applicants who are over 18 years old and under 35 years old (born between November 2, 1985 and November 8, 2003), graduate students with master’s degree or above in ordinary colleges and universities in 2022 (non-employed), and candidates who recruit excellent village (community) party organization secretary (director) positions can be relaxed to 40 years old (born after November 2, 1980). Candidates for judicial police posts in public security and judicial administrative organs, people’s courts and people’s procuratorates shall be executed in accordance with the Notice on Adjusting the Recruitment Age of People’s Police in Public Security Organs, Prisons and Reeducation-through-Labor Administrative Organs;

3. Support the Constitution of People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership and socialist system;

4. Have good political quality and moral conduct;

5. Have the physical condition and psychological quality to perform their duties normally;

6. Have the ability to work in line with the requirements of the position;

7. Candidates who have a college degree or above and recruit excellent village (community) party secretary (director) positions can be relaxed to secondary school or high school education;

8. Applicants for the positions of the people’s police of public security organs, the people’s courts and the people’s procuratorates must also meet the conditions stipulated in the "Jiangsu Province 2022 Annual Examination for the Employment of Public Security Organs (People’s Police)"; Applicants for positions in judicial administrative organs (including prisons and compulsory isolation drug rehabilitation units) must also meet the conditions stipulated in the "Jiangsu Province 2022 Annual Examination for Recruitment of Civil Servants in Judicial Administrative System";

9. Applicants for the positions of assistant judges of the people’s courts (position code 70-74) and assistant procurators of the people’s procuratorates (position code 75-79) must also meet the conditions stipulated in the "Jiangsu Province 2022 Annual Examination for the Employment of Assistant Judges of the People’s Courts and Assistant Procurators of the People’s Procuratorates";

10. Applicants for special technical positions (position code 50-59) must also meet the conditions stipulated in the "Jiangsu Province 2022 Annual Examination for Civil Servants of Public Security Organs (People’s Police)" and "Jiangsu Province 2022 Annual Examination for Civil Servants with Special Technical Positions of Lianyungang Agricultural and Rural Bureau";

11. Have other qualifications required by the competent department of civil servants at or above the provincial level.

(two) the examination object and related requirements.

1. Applicants with graduate degrees and corresponding degrees, or 2022 fresh graduates (non-on-the-job) with bachelor’s degree or above in ordinary colleges and universities, are not restricted by students’ place of origin (referring to fresh graduates) or household registration (referring to social personnel). If there are special provisions for the post, those provisions shall prevail.

2. Candidates for positions in provincial organs are not restricted by their place of origin or household registration; Applicants for positions in vertical management institutions below the provincial level, their places of origin or household registration requirements shall be implemented in accordance with the provisions of the competent department of civil servants in the districts and cities where the recruitment agency is located; Applicants for positions in provincial prisons and compulsory isolation drug rehabilitation management units, their places of origin or household registration requirements shall be implemented in accordance with the provisions of the "Jiangsu Province 2022 Annual Examination for the Employment of Civil Servants in the Judicial Administrative System". Candidates for positions in organs (units) below districts and cities, their places of origin or household registration requirements are determined by the competent departments of civil servants in districts and cities in combination with the actual situation, and announced in the recruitment brochure.

3. Persons who meet the conditions of policy resettlement and deployment (such as husband and wife living in two places, military spouses who meet the requirements of the army, and parents who have no children, etc.) can apply for positions in the county (county-level city, county management system area) where their spouses or parents are registered (military service troops are stationed) or in districts and cities (except county management system area).

4. Directively recruit the positions (position code 60-69) of the fresh graduates of ordinary colleges and universities in 2022, and the recruitment targets are: fresh graduates of ordinary colleges and universities in 2022; Volunteers selected and dispatched by the project management office of our province, who have passed the service period and passed the examination within 2 years, and volunteers from Jiangsu Province who have been selected from other provinces for the Western Plan; The former university student village official selected by the Organization Department of jiangsu provincial party committee, who has completed his service and passed the examination within 2 years; Returned overseas students who have obtained a degree outside the country and completed the academic certification of the Study Abroad Service Center of the Ministry of Education from September 1, 2020 to before registration; Soldiers who graduated from national colleges and universities and enlisted in the same year, and retired from the China People’s Liberation Army or the Chinese People’s Armed Police Force between September 1, 2020 and before registration. Among the above-mentioned personnel, candidates with postgraduate degrees and corresponding degrees are not restricted by the source of students, and other candidates must be students from Jiangsu.

5. Targeted recruitment of positions for the disabled (position code 80-81). The target of recruitment is: persons who hold the second-generation People’s Republic of China (PRC) Disabled Persons’ Card issued by the Disabled Persons’ Federation and meet the requirements of the position.

6. Directed recruitment service for the position of grassroots project personnel (position code 90-96), the recruitment target is: the former university student village officials who have been selected by the party committees and organizations above districts and cities in our province, whose service has expired and passed the examination; Volunteers selected and dispatched by the project management office of our province, who have passed the service period and passed the examination, and volunteers from Jiangsu Province who are recruited from other provinces; Retired soldiers who have served in active service for five years and are registered in our province or graduated from colleges and universities.

7. Directively recruit the position of secretary (director) of excellent village (community) party organizations (post code 98). The recruitment targets are: the current village party organization secretary, village committee director, community party organization secretary and neighborhood committee director who have worked in the village (community) within the jurisdiction of the county (city, district) for five years and have served for more than two years and have excellent work performance, as well as the village (community) secretary (director). It does not include former university student village officials and other personnel selected by party committees and organizations above districts and cities. Specific standards for outstanding work performance shall be formulated by each district and city and published in the recruitment brochure.

Servicemen, non-fresh graduates who are studying, and those who have gone through the formalities of examination and approval (filing) for the employment of civil servants or staff of management organs (units) after January 1, 2019 (including those who have left or canceled their employment) are not allowed to apply for the exam.

Persons who have received criminal punishment for crimes, those who have been expelled from the Communist Party of China (CPC) Party membership, those who have been expelled from public office, those who have been listed as joint disciplinary targets for dishonesty according to law, those who have been found to have committed serious violations of employment discipline such as fraud in national statutory examinations, those who have been dismissed from party and government organs and institutions for less than five years, and those who are not allowed to be employed as civil servants according to laws and regulations are not allowed to apply for the exam.

Candidates are not allowed to apply for positions that constitute the circumstances listed in the first paragraph of Article 74 of the Civil Service Law after being hired, nor are they allowed to apply for positions in the employing units where people who are husband and wife, lineal blood relatives, collateral blood relatives within three generations and close in-laws are leading members.

If the recruitment position clearly requires grassroots work experience, the applicant must have the corresponding grassroots work experience. Grassroots work experience refers to: working experience in party and government organs at or below the county level, various enterprises, institutions (excluding those managed by reference), village (community) organizations and other economic and social organizations; Working experience in party and government organs at all levels by means of employment and labor dispatch; Unemployed college graduates who left school after graduation went to the internship base of college graduates (the base is a grass-roots unit) to participate in internships or to participate in project research in enterprises and institutions; Working experience in military regiments and units below the equivalent regiments, and experience of retired soldiers serving in active service in the army. The working experience of municipal (county) organs is regarded as grassroots work experience. The above grassroots work experience calculation time is up to August 31st, 2022.

Second, registration

(1) Job inquiry

Information about recruitment plans, specific positions, examination categories, qualifications and other information of recruitment agencies can be found through the following websites: the portal website of the Organization Department of the CPC jiangsu provincial party committee (www.jszzb.gov.cn), the portal website of the Jiangsu Provincial Department of Human Resources and Social Security (jshrss.jiangsu.gov.cn) and the portal websites of the Party committees and organizations of all districts and cities (see Annex 2).

(2) Registration method and time

The registration, preliminary qualification examination and payment of this recruitment will be carried out simultaneously through the network.

Website for the position registration of provincial organs: Jiangsu Personnel Examination Network (jshrss.jiangsu.gov.cn/col/col57253), the business subnet of the portal website of Jiangsu Provincial Department of Human Resources and Social Security.

Website for job registration in all districts and cities: portal website of human resources and social security departments in all districts and cities.

Registration website of vertical management institutions below the provincial level: portal website of human resources and social security departments of districts and cities where the institutions are located.

Registration time: from 9: 00 on November 2 to 16: 00 on November 8, 2021; Time for preliminary qualification examination: from 9: 00 on November 2, 2021 to 16: 00 on November 10, 2021; Payment time: from 9: 00 on November 2 to 16: 00 on November 11, 2021.

Candidates should carefully read the letter of commitment of good faith, fill in the relevant information truthfully, accurately and completely according to the job requirements and the tips of the online registration system, and upload my recent bareheaded 2-inch (35×45 mm) photo of electronic certificate (jpg format, the size is below 20Kb).

Applicants who provide false application materials will be disqualified once verified. Anyone who forges or alters relevant documents, materials and information to cheat the examination qualification will be dealt with severely in accordance with relevant regulations.

After 48 hours of submitting the registration information online, applicants can check the preliminary qualification examination results on the registration website. Those who pass the preliminary qualification examination may not apply for other positions. After the applicant has passed the preliminary qualification examination and photo review, the online payment will be completed by using the bank card with online payment function before the payment deadline. The applicant is valid, and the qualification will be automatically waived after the deadline. The payment status will be subject to the display on the registration website.

(3) Matters needing attention in registration

1. Candidates can only choose one position to register in the whole province, and choose a test area to take the written test. The implementation of the examination position control management system, candidates in principle choose to apply for the position of the examination area to participate in the written examination of public subjects, not limited by the examination position; If you choose other test areas, the number of test places is limited, first come first served (subject to successful payment), while stocks last. During the period from 9: 00 on November 2, 2021 to 16: 00 on November 8, 2021, applicants who have not passed the preliminary examination or failed in the preliminary examination may change to other positions; During the period from 16: 00 on November 8 to 16: 00 on November 10, 2021, applicants who have not passed the preliminary examination or the preliminary examination cannot change their registration information or report to other positions; You must use the second-generation ID card within the validity period when registering.

Qualification examination runs through the whole process of recruitment. If it is found that the applicant does not meet the qualification requirements in all aspects of recruitment, his qualification will be cancelled and the recruitment procedure will be terminated.

2. After the registration, if the ratio of effective applicants to the number of recruits is less than the opening proportion, the competent department of civil servants at or above the district level shall reduce the employment plan in accordance with the prescribed procedures until the position is cancelled. Those who apply for cancelled positions and complete the payment can re-apply for other qualified positions on the relevant websites, and the time for re-registration is 9: 00-16: 00 on November 12, 2021.

3. Those who enjoy the national minimum living guarantee family can contact the personnel examination institution where the applicant is located within 5 working days after taking the written test to handle the fee reduction and exemption.

(4) Print the admission ticket online.

Applicants whose registration is confirmed successfully should log in to the registration website to print the admission ticket from 9: 00 on December 8 to 24: 00 on December 10, 2021. In case of any problem, please contact the local personnel examination institution to solve it (see Annex 2 for the telephone number for examination).

Third, the exam

The examination includes written examination, interview and professional ability test.

(1) Written examination

1. Written test category

The written examination of public subjects is classified and graded. The examination categories are divided into three categories: A, B and C. The examination subjects are both administrative professional ability test and application. For the scope of the examination, please refer to the Outline of the Written Examination for Public Subjects of Civil Servants in Jiangsu Province in 2022 published on the website of the competent department of civil servants.

Candidates for the B-position of the people’s police in public security organs are required to take the written examination of public subjects as well as public security professional subjects. You can check the examination outline on the websites of the competent departments of civil servants and the provincial public security department.

2. Time and place

The written examination time for public subjects is December 11th, 2021, and the specific arrangements are as follows:

9: 00-11: 00 am Administrative Professional Ability Test

14: 00-16: 30 pm

The written examination time of public security professional subjects is December 12, 2021, and the specific arrangements are as follows:

9: 00 am-11: 00 am

In principle, the written examination of public subjects is set up in various districts and cities, and the examination of public security major subjects is set up in Nanjing, Wuxi, Taizhou and Huai ‘an. Candidates should take the admission ticket and the second-generation ID card within the validity period and take the written test at the time and place specified in the admission ticket. The ID card held by the applicant when taking the exam must be consistent with the name and citizenship number of the ID card used when registering.

3. Results query

The written test scores and qualified scores can be found on the registration website in early January 2022.

(2) Interview and professional ability test

Among those qualified in the written test, according to the order of written test scores from high to low, and according to the ratio of 3: 1 to the number of candidates to be hired, the candidates for interviews (professional ability tests) are determined. The written test scores are synthesized according to the proportion of 50% in the administrative professional ability test and the application test respectively. The written test scores of the candidates for the B position of the people’s police in public security organs are synthesized according to the proportion of 40%, 30% and 30% of the administrative professional ability test, application and public security professional subjects respectively.

Before the interview, the recruitment agency or the competent department of civil servants will review the qualifications of the interviewees. Those who fail to pass the qualification review will be disqualified from the interview, and the candidates for the interview will be replenished according to the written test scores from high to low among the qualified candidates who apply for the same position. Information such as the list of qualified examiners is published on the portal website of the competent department of civil servants above districts and cities.

The qualified line of interview score is 60 points, and the applicant’s interview score must be above 60 points (inclusive) before entering the next admission procedure.

In the interview stage, it is necessary to organize professional competence tests, and the setting of professional competence tests and related matters are published on the portal website of the competent civil service departments at or above the district level.

(C) the total score calculation method

The total score is calculated according to the percentage system, and the specific methods are as follows: written test scores and interview scores account for 50% respectively; In principle, written test scores account for 50%, interview scores account for 35%, and professional ability test scores account for 15%. The written test scores, interview scores and professional ability test scores are all kept to two decimal places, and the third decimal place is treated according to the "rounding" method.

Fourth, physical examination (physical fitness assessment)

According to the order of the total test scores of the candidates from high to low, the recruitment agency determines the candidates for physical examination according to the ratio of 1: 1 to the number of candidates to be hired, and publishes the information of the candidates for physical examination on the portal website of the competent civil service departments above districts and cities. If the total score is the same, it will be sorted from high to low according to the written test and the administrative professional ability test.

The employment physical examination shall be organized and implemented in accordance with the General Standard for Employment Physical Examination of Civil Servants (for Trial Implementation), Special Standard for Employment Physical Examination of Civil Servants (for Trial Implementation), Operation Manual for Employment Physical Examination of Civil Servants (for Trial Implementation) and other documents. Before the physical examination, applicants with work units must provide the certificate that the unit agrees to apply for the examination, and other social personnel must provide the relevant certificates of the personnel file agency.

Applicants for the posts of people’s police and judicial police shall be assessed for their physical fitness before the interview. Among those who pass the written test, according to the ratio of 5: 1 to the number of candidates to be hired, the candidates who participate in the physical fitness assessment are determined according to the written test results from high to low. For positions that fail to reach the ratio of 5: 1, the candidates for physical fitness assessment shall be determined according to the actual number of qualified people. The physical fitness assessment shall be carried out in accordance with the Notice on Printing and Distributing the Physical Fitness Assessment Items and Standards for the Employment of People’s Police by Public Security Organs (Provisional), in which the assessment times of 10m× 4 round-trip events shall be adjusted to no more than 2 times. When there is a vacancy in the interview candidates due to unqualified physical fitness assessment, the physical fitness assessment candidates will be replenished at one time according to the ratio of 2: 1 to the number of vacancies.

V. Investigation

The recruitment agency shall carry out the recruitment inspection work in accordance with the provisions of the Measures for the Examination of Civil Servants (Trial) and other documents. The investigation highlights political standards, and adopts the methods of field visits, individual talks, reviewing personnel files (student status files), inquiring about social credit records, and interviewing with myself, mainly to understand the political quality, moral quality, ability and quality, psychological quality, study and work performance, law-abiding, honesty and self-discipline, and whether there are any situations that should be avoided, physical and mental health status, and the matching degree with the recruitment position. The candidates who apply for the court, procuratorate, public security organ and judicial system shall also be subject to political examination in accordance with the regulations.

Six, publicity, approval and filing

According to the examination results, physical examination results, inspection and other conditions of the candidates, the recruitment agency puts forward a list of candidates to be hired, which will be publicized to the public after being examined and approved by the competent department of civil servants at or above the district level. The publicity content includes the name and position of the organization to be hired, the name and gender of the person to be hired, the admission ticket number, the work unit (the graduate school filled by the fresh graduates), the scores of all subjects, the total score of synthesis, the telephone number of supervision and reporting, and other matters stipulated by the provincial civil servant department. The publicity period is not less than 5 working days.

After the expiration of the publicity period, if there is no problem or the problems reflected do not affect the employment, the employment procedures shall be handled in accordance with the prescribed procedures; If there are serious problems and there is evidence, they will not be hired; If there are serious problems in the report, but it is difficult to verify it at the moment, the employment will be suspended until it is verified and a conclusion is made before deciding whether to hire.

In the physical examination, investigation (political examination), publicity and other links, when there is a vacancy due to the applicant’s failure to meet the requirements, voluntary abandonment and other reasons, one-time replenishment will be made from those who have passed the examination results of the position in the order of high to low, and each position will only be replenished once. After going through the examination and approval procedures for employment, it will not be replenished. If the employed person has signed a labor contract or employment agreement with the relevant unit, he shall be responsible for handling it in accordance with the relevant regulations.

According to the spirit of the General Office of the Central Committee of the CPC’s "Several Opinions on Strengthening the Construction of Township Cadres", in order to maintain the relative stability of cadres, the minimum service life of newly recruited civil servants in towns (streets) in our province is 5 years (including probation period), and they are not allowed to apply for civil servants in higher authorities during the service period.

Seven, examination policy consultation telephone and related information release website.

For the relevant policies on the recruitment of civil servants in the 2022 annual examination in Jiangsu Province, please refer to the "Guidelines for the Registration of Civil Servants in the 2022 annual examination in Jiangsu Province". Applicants can contact the recruitment agency directly when they need to ask questions about the qualifications such as specialty, education, degree, skills, certificates and grassroots work experience. See Annex 1 for the telephone number of the recruitment agency.

Please refer to Annex 2 for the consultation telephone number and website of the examination policy, online registration and examination arrangement of each district and city.

If you still have questions, you can also call the following telephone number:

Examination policy consultation: (025)12333, (025)83395725

Consultation time: from October 30th to November 12th, 2021, 8: 30-12: 00 and 13: 30-17: 30 every day.

Examination consultation telephone: (025)83236085

Consultation time: from October 30 to December 12, 2021, working days are 8: 30-12: 00 and 13: 30-17: 30.

Eight, epidemic prevention and control

During the implementation of the recruitment organization, epidemic prevention measures will be implemented in accordance with the relevant requirements for the normalization of epidemic prevention and control in COVID-19, and relevant work arrangements will be appropriately adjusted when necessary. Applicants are requested to carefully read the Notice on COVID-19’s Epidemic Prevention and Control of Civil Servants in the 2022 Examination in Jiangsu Province, and give understanding, support and cooperation to the relevant measures and requirements for epidemic prevention and control in our province.

Special reminder:

This recruitment does not publish or specify examination counseling books, and the competent departments of civil servants at all levels and personnel examination institutions do not hold or entrust any institutions to hold examination counseling training courses. At present, the relevant civil service examination remedial classes, counseling websites or publications held in the name of the civil service examination proposition group, the examination textbook editorial Committee and the authorization of the civil service authorities have nothing to do with the civil service authorities and this examination. Please be vigilant and don’t be deceived. Please strengthen supervision from all walks of life. If you find the above situation, please report it to the relevant departments. The competent department of civil servants in Jiangsu Province will actively coordinate with relevant departments, further rectify and standardize the civil servant examination and training market, maintain the civil servant examination order, and strive to create a fair competition, safe and orderly examination environment.

Attachment:1. Jiangsu Province 2022 annual examination recruitment agencies (units) telephone number. zip

　 　 　 　 　 　2. Website of policy, examination consultation telephone number and examination record information release of each district and city. docx

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　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　October 2021

As the birthplace of sericulture in the world, China has a history of sericulture for more than 5,000 years. The poem "Women hold baskets, follow them, and seek soft mulberry" in The Book of Songs (July) and the record of "A house of five acres, a tree with mulberry, fifty people can wear clothes and silks" in Mencius all show the long history of planting mulberry and raising silkworms in China.

The world-famous "Silk Road" is the representative of China’s splendid culture, which has opened a big stage for China’s commercial and cultural exchanges with the world. As the starting point of the Silk Road, Shaanxi is one of the important cradles of sericulture in China. The excavation of Shiquan "Gold-plated Copper Silkworm" witnessed the scale of sericulture industry in southern Shaanxi in Han Dynasty.

On May 16th, Associate Professor Jiao Feng of our school, doctoral students Luo Rongsong, Dai Xuelei and Liu Hui were co-first authors, and professors Qian Yonghua, Jiang Yu and Zhao Aichun of Southwest University were co-authors. The paper "Chromosome-level reference genome and population genomic analysis provide insight into the evolution and improvement of domestic mulberry" was published online in Molecular Plants and officially published as a cover article on July 6th. It was appraised by peers as "another major breakthrough in mulberry research since Southwest University obtained the genome frame map of wild Sichuan mulberry", indicating that sericulture research in our school has reached the world leading level in this field.

Continuation: leading the development of sericulture industry in northern China

In 1950s, the first director Yao Tuan (second from left) and researchers made mulberry clusters.

In 1938, Professor Yao Liu, who had studied in Japan twice, moved to Shaanxi with the Agricultural College of National Northwest United University and merged into Northwest Agricultural College, and set up a sericulture research room as its director, which was the first of its kind in modern sericulture teaching and research in Shaanxi. In 1958, Shaanxi Sericulture Research Institute was established, renamed Shaanxi Sericulture and Silk Research Institute in 1995, and merged with Shaanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 1999.

In the past 82 years, the Institute has carried out scientific research, demonstration and popularization around the innovative utilization of sericulture germplasm resources, the development of practical new technologies and equipment, and the diversified development of sericulture resources, and has made remarkable achievements.

As early as 1980s, the Institute pioneered the selection and utilization of fruit mulberry in China, and cultivated a series of varieties, such as Hongguo No.1, No.2 and No.3, Baiyuwang and Beifanghong, which were extended to more than 20 provinces and cities. Professor Lu Cheng, the chief scientist of the national modern sericulture industrial technology system, commented: "The fruit fragrance of the red fruit series mulberry varieties floats in China." At the same time, Yangling Shengsang Green Food Co., Ltd., a key leading enterprise of agricultural industrialization in Shaanxi Province, has been hatched. At present, the total assets of the enterprise are 450 million yuan, and the annual output value is over 100 million yuan.

In the 21st century, with China’s sericulture industry entering the transition period, according to the idea of "establishing mulberry industry and diversified development", on the basis of the work of the older generation, researcher Su Chao led the team to carry out the research on the ecological function of mulberry and the diversified utilization of mulberry resources, and opened up a new model of ecological mulberry industry with both ecological and economic utilization, which became a demonstration model of sericulture industry in northern Shaanxi and even northern arid and semi-arid areas of China. At present, the ecological mulberry garden in northern Shaanxi has a total area of more than 600,000 mu, reducing soil erosion by about 5 million tons every year.

Su Chao and Jiao Feng carried out mulberry tissue culture experiment.

Mulberry is full of treasures, and the dry weight of crude protein in mulberry leaves is more than 20%. In 2014, the research institute successfully developed mulberry leaves and poria tea, and realized large-scale production in a mulberry health company in Yulin, with an output value of over 100 million yuan. In addition, the research and development of mulberry branches and leaves as goat feed supplements has demonstrated and promoted more than 30,000 in breeding enterprises in northern Shaanxi in recent years, increasing the income by more than 30 million yuan.

In July, 1989, led by the Sericulture and Silk Research Institute, the "Sericulture Breeding Cooperation in Northern Sericulture Areas" was established in eight provinces and nine institutes in northern sericulture areas such as Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Xinjiang, Hebei, Liaoning and Ningxia. Since then, the northern sericulture has entered a new stage of joint, cooperation and common development from individual combat. In 1997, it was renamed as "Northern Sericulture Research Cooperation Zone" and has now expanded to 15 sericulture science and education units in 11 provinces. In the past 30 years, the cooperation zone has jointly identified 80 pairs of silkworm varieties (including 19 pairs approved) and identified 48 mulberry varieties in 7 batches (including 17 varieties approved), and has now become the most influential sericulture scientific research cooperation organization in the northern silkworm area and even the whole country.

From "Shaanxi Silkworm No.3" which won the fourth prize of national invention to "Shaanxi Mulberry 305", the first domestic artificial clone autotriploid mulberry variety; From the method of "pair breeding" initiated in China to the highest basic silkworm variety at home and abroad with cocoon shell rate of 30%; From the automatic weighing instrument for scattered eggs of silkworm eggs to the efficient and broad-spectrum disinfectant "Qiang Chloran" for silkworm houses; From the establishment of the largest fruit and mulberry base in Lintong to the addition of the only functional ecological mulberry comprehensive experimental station in northern Shaanxi, the series of innovative achievements made by the sericulture and silk research institute were evaluated by Xiang Zhonghuai, an academician of China Academy of Engineering, as "Shaanxi sericulture discipline organization led the development of sericulture discipline and industry in northern China".

"The breeding of artificial clone autotriploid mulberry variety Shaanxi Sang305 won the first prize of Shaanxi Science and Technology in 2004.

In 2017, the National Sericulture Industry Technology System-Shaanxi Ecological Mulberry Comprehensive Experimental Station was established.

Innovation: Breakthrough progress has been made in basic research of mulberry and practical technology of sericulture.

Shaanxi, as the cradle of Chinese civilization, has the footprints of sericulture development in the mountainous areas of southern Shaanxi, Guanzhong Basin and northern Shaanxi Plateau. In recent years, Silkworm and Silk Research Institute has made great progress in basic research of mulberry and practical technology of sericulture.

In view of the fact that there is a lack of scientific and systematic species classification of mulberry trees with a cultivation history of more than 5,000 years, 132 domestic cultivated mulberry trees (except Guangdong mulberry) were re-sequenced, and it was confirmed that white mulberry, Rusang, Shansang and Mizuho mulberry belong to the same species, that is, white mulberry. Professor Qian Yonghua said that this is the first time to use genome data to clarify the classification of cultivated mulberry species.

The reference genome of the cultivated mulberry "Husang 32" was reported for the first time, and the 28 chromosomes of cultivated mulberry were confirmed to be diploid by cytological and genomic evidence, which solved the mystery of ploidy of cultivated mulberry. It provides an example for the basic research of ploidy of perennial woody plants in the genome era, and has important reference value for the ploidy research of perennial woody plants.

As an excellent cultivated mulberry variety group distributed in Hangjiahu area, Husang has great value to sericulture prosperity and regional economic and social development in this area since the Southern Song Dynasty. However, the study of ancient agricultural history has long been controversial about its origin and evolution, and it lacks experimental evidence to support it. Based on the resequencing analysis of 134 mulberry varieties from China and Japan, the Institute pointed out that Husang is a unique variety branch formed after long-term intense artificial selection, which is mutually confirmed by the palynology research of Songze site and archaeological evidence of Qianshanyang in Xing Wu, and also coincides with the history that the key silk production areas moved to Hangjiahu area since the Song Dynasty, and the high-yield and high-quality Husang varieties were selected, which provided a theoretical basis for solving production problems.

In view of the continuous increase in labor costs, in recent years, the Institute has developed and integrated "light, simple and efficient sericulture production supporting technology", which was listed as the main technology for the development of cocoon and silk industry by Shaanxi Cocoon and Silk Office in 2013. At present, the coverage rate of the whole province is over 70%, and the new benefit is 350 million yuan. "In the past, it took at least two people to help raise a silkworm. Now, with automatic reeling technology, two people can raise 20 silkworms." Chen Zipei, deputy director of the Sericulture Development Service Center in Shiquan County, said.

In 2006, the school and Shiquan County jointly established Shiquan sericulture experimental demonstration base. At that time, Shiquan had 50,000 mu of mulberry fields and 40,000 silkworms a year, and the comprehensive output value of sericulture was less than 100 million yuan. In 2018, there were 100,000 mu of mulberry fields in the county, with 70,000 silkworms raised annually. The total output value of sericulture industry was 1.6 billion yuan, and the comprehensive income of farmers’ sericulture industry was 400 million yuan. The sericulture industry became the leading industry in increasing farmers’ income, rural development, industrial expansion and economic development. Shiquan also became the largest sericulture county in northwest China and the county with the highest technical level of sericulture farmers. The sericulture industry in Shiquan not only achieved double benefits, but also promoted the upgrading and benefit improvement of sericulture industry in Shaanxi.

Persistence: from the persistent love and dedication to the cause.

In the heyday of 1980s, there were more than 170 employees in the research of silkworm and silk. Since then, due to the shrinking of industrial development, the massive loss of scientific and educational personnel, the serious shortage of research funds, and institutional changes, there are only 11 scientific and educational personnel in the research institute, including 9 "post-60s". It is these "only surviving" researchers who never forget the responsibility and mission of developing the traditional sericulture discipline, stick to the sericulture discipline like spring silkworms, and make continuous efforts and forge ahead to rejuvenate the traditional discipline industry.

With the mission of developing China from a big sericulture country to a powerful sericulture country, Jiao Feng, who received double doctorates from Zhejiang University and Tokyo A&M University in Japan, came to the institute as an introduced talent in 2009, but unexpectedly encountered a series of difficulties: the application for the National Natural Fund in forestry discipline was repeatedly rejected, but there was no mulberry application channel under sericulture discipline in animal husbandry discipline; Obstacles in mulberry transgenic technology make it difficult to break through basic research; Hope to carry out genome research, but there has been no experimental conditions and financial support; He is still an associate professor at the age of 53. Mulberry is our choice for silkworm, and we don’t know what silkworm needs. Only by finding out the key genes can we lay the foundation for gene regulation sites and genetic improvement of excellent traits. Jiao Feng tried his best to start the basic research of mulberry. In the past ten years, he carried out cytology and stress biology research on mulberry polyploid, and at the same time investigated and collected information on mulberry cultivars. After the cost of sequencing the third generation of genome was reduced, during the two years of cooperative research with Professor Jiang Yu, he settled down and sat in an office vacated by Jiang Yu, and discussed with Jiang Yu while sequencing and analyzing. Almost all holidays were spent revising papers, sampling and experimenting. With the tenacity of career as a lifelong struggle and the scientific attitude of seeking truth and being pragmatic, Jiao Feng’s paper as the first author was published as a cover article in Molecular Plants, and the classification of cultivated mulberry plants was cracked by using cytological and genomic evidence.

For decades, the researchers of the Institute insisted on conducting investigations in the germination, flowering and fruiting of mulberry trees, and it was time to go to the fields, no matter whether it was hot summer or heavy rain. "Mulberry trees that are all the same in others’ eyes are objects in our view. Only by going down often can we find their different characteristics and lay a good foundation for breeding. " This is also a habit that Su Chao has kept up to now, using off-duty and holidays to go to the fields to find special materials and solve problems in scientific research and production in time.

When the mulberry trees were cut in summer, they were worried that the workers were not standardized in cutting the experimental mulberry trees, which would lead to inaccurate experiments. They took the graduate students into the field and worked for a whole day, which would last for four or five days. On June 1 this year, two comrades suffered from heatstroke because of continuous work.

In order to complete the cross-regional multi-point comparison test of fruit and mulberry varieties, they carried out field tests and investigations again and again in the face of the wind, sand and hot sun. After more than 20 years, they cultivated a fruit and mulberry variety "Hongguo No.2" with high quality and high yield, which is suitable for fresh eating and processing, and passed the variety examination and approval of Shaanxi Provincial Forest Variety Examination and Approval Committee.

Now, in addition to training 20 doctoral and master’s degree students, the Institute undertakes the construction of Shiquan sericulture experimental demonstration base, northern Shaanxi ecological mulberry experimental station, Guanzhong fruit mulberry base and nearly 500 mulberry germplasm resources and 220 domestic silkworm germplasm resources, especially mulberry and domestic silkworm germplasm resources, which have not been supported by special funds for a long time, and must be investigated and raised by special personnel every year. Finding money is also an important task. In the words of Su Chao, director of the Institute, precious varieties cannot be allowed.

Mizhi ecological mulberry experimental park

With the proposal of the "Belt and Road Initiative" in the new era, the sericulture industry has carried a new historical mission.

"sericulture for one day, sericulture for life." Holding the simple belief of "not impetuous, not tossing and complaining", practicing the spirit of "western agriculture" and the spirit of scientists, in order to revitalize China’s sericulture industry, and to continue to make greater achievements in new sericulture disciplines and industries in Shaanxi and even the northwest, the researchers of Sericulture and Silk Research Institute have been working hard for ten years with perseverance and perseverance.

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eπ008的前脸设计采用了流线型的造型，呈现出科技与未来感。进气格栅采用封闭式设计，彰显了新能源车型的特色。整体风格简洁时尚，突显了eπ008作为一款高端电动车型的独特魅力。

车系eπ008的侧面线条流畅优雅，车身尺寸为5002*1972*1732毫米，轴距达到3025毫米，前轮距和后轮距均为1650毫米。配备265/45 R21规格的轮胎，搭配运动风格的轮圈，使整车在视觉上更具动感。

eπ008的内饰设计以科技与豪华并重为核心，中控台配备了一块15.6英寸的高清触控屏幕，内置智能语音控制系统，可以轻松实现多媒体、导航、电话和空调等功能的操控。方向盘采用皮质包裹，手感舒适，并支持手动上下和前后调节，为驾驶者提供了良好的操作体验。此外，车内配置了多种USB和Type-C接口，方便充电和数据传输，同时支持手机无线充电，满足现代科技需求。座椅方面，采用仿皮材质，主副驾驶座椅均具备加热、通风功能，并且驾驶位还配备了头枕扬声器。电动座椅记忆功能覆盖驾驶位、副驾驶位和后排座椅，使得不同驾驶员可以根据个人需求调整座位位置。第二排座椅还支持前后、靠背和腿托调节，提供更多的舒适选择。后排座椅则采用比例放倒设计，增加了空间的灵活性和实用性。

eπ008搭载了一台1.5T涡轮增压发动机，最大功率为108kW（147马力），最大扭矩为210N·m，为车辆提供了强劲的动力输出。搭配电动车单速变速箱，使得动力传递更加高效直接。

汽车之家车主认为，eπ008的外观设计很大气，个人非常喜欢，特别是建议选择白色车漆，大气且无需加价。虽然外观评价因人而异，但@蒙加夫认为这款车的整体外观设计非常出色。

　　　 Film network feature Jet Li is an international kungfu superstar, martial artist, philanthropist, entrepreneur, founder of One Foundation and Taiji Zen Company. After 75 years, he won the National Wushu All-around Champion for five consecutive years. In 1982, he starred in the movie and caused a sensation all over the world. In 1991, The Huang Feihong Series created a wave of martial arts movies, and also created classic screen heroes such as Fang Shiyu, Zhang Sanfeng, Huo Yuanjia and Zhen Chen, and was praised as the Kung Fu Emperor by domestic and foreign media. After 1997, he starred in many Hollywood blockbusters and became a Hollywood action star. Founded in 2007, One Foundation became the first privately-run public offering foundation in China, and was awarded a United Nations passport by the United Nations for its contribution to public welfare all over the world. In 2009, he became a member of china entrepreneur club in the name of "social entrepreneur". He has won the Hong Kong Film Awards as the best actor, and served as the International Wushu Federation, the Chinese Wushu Association and the United Nations Goodwill Ambassador.

　　　 Article, graduated from the performance department of the Central Academy of Drama in 2006. I have appeared in several TV dramas and sporadic TV movies before, and I am well known for "You are smiling, but I am crying" directed by Ma Liwen and "directed by Zhao Baogang"strive","Dwelling House "directed by Huatao Teng, in addition, his most mentioned title is Ma Yili’s husband.

　　　 How did the famous Jet Li get involved with the articles of mainland actors? How did they develop deep feelings step by step? Why did Jet Li become the father and Bole of the article, and he was willing to be a green leaf in the garden to support the article? Let’s take a look with this series of questions.

The raw materials of caustic soda and soda ash are all salt, which belong to the salt chemical industry. The main production process of caustic soda is ion-exchange membrane electrolysis, brine refining, removing all kinds of impurities, making saturated brine, and producing 32% liquid caustic soda, chlorine and hydrogen through electrolysis. At present, this production process accounts for more than 99% in China. The production processes of soda ash include combined alkali process, ammonia-alkali process and natural alkali process. Ammonia-alkali and combined production use coal as fuel, use part of steam and electricity, and ammonia-alkali process consumes limestone. Natural alkali is mainly collected from natural alkali, and after a series of filtration and impurity removal, soda ash is prepared with low cost.

Soda and soda ash have their own differences. Caustic soda is commonly known as caustic soda, caustic soda, and the chemical formula is NaOH；; It belongs to Class 8.2 alkaline corrosive products in Grade 8 hazardous chemicals and belongs to strong alkali. There are two forms: solid caustic soda is white flake and granular crystal, liquid caustic soda is NaOH aqueous solution, and the mainstream specifications are 32% and 50%. The chemical formula of soda ash is Na2CO3, which is white and odorless powder or particles, easy to decompose at high temperature, strong electrolyte salts, soluble in water, alkaline in aqueous solution, corrosive and stable, but it can also be decomposed to generate sodium oxide and carbon dioxide at high temperature; Long-term exposure to air can absorb moisture and carbon dioxide in the air and generate sodium bicarbonate; Soda soda can react with acid, salt and alkali respectively, which belongs to salt rather than alkali.

However, there is a certain correlation between them. Both of them are raw salt in the upstream and used in alumina, printing and dyeing, paper making and other industries in the downstream, which belong to basic chemical raw materials. This paper mainly studies the correlation between caustic soda and soda ash.

Figure 1: Salt Chemical Industry Chain

Source: Exchange, SDIC Anxin Futures.

1. The same upstream raw materials determine the high coincidence degree of their distribution areas.

The upstream raw materials of caustic soda and soda ash are raw salt. More than 90% of raw salt in China is used for soda ash and caustic soda, of which caustic soda consumption accounts for about 55.8% and soda ash accounts for about 38.2%. The added value of caustic soda and soda ash products is not high. When selecting the site, it is more concentrated in the distribution area of raw material capacity. By reducing transportation costs, the cost is reduced and the enterprise benefits are improved. Because both raw materials are raw salt, the capacity distribution of caustic soda and soda ash is highly coincident.

According to the provinces, the output of crude salt is mainly concentrated in Shandong, Jiangsu, Hubei, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Qinghai and other places, and the output of caustic soda and soda ash is also mainly concentrated in Shandong and Jiangsu, which is highly consistent with the distribution of crude salt production capacity. Among them, caustic soda is concentrated in Shandong, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other places, and soda ash is concentrated in Jiangsu, Henan, Qinghai, Shandong, Hebei and Hubei. And some manufacturers produce soda ash and caustic soda at the same time, according to statistics, there are 5 in total, with a capacity of 3 million tons of soda ash and 250,000 tons of caustic soda; Tangshan Sanyou has a production capacity of 2.3 million tons of soda ash and 540,000 tons of caustic soda; Anhui Hongsifang has a production capacity of 350,000 tons of soda ash and 150,000 tons of caustic soda; Inner Mongolia Jilantai has a capacity of 350,000 tons of soda ash and 360,000 tons of caustic soda; Ningxia Risheng has a production capacity of 400,000 tons of soda ash and 140,000 tons of caustic soda.

Figure 2: Distribution of crude salt output by province

Source: National Bureau of Statistics, SDIC Anxin Futures.

Figure 3: Distribution of Soda and Soda by Province

Source: National Bureau of Statistics, SDIC Anxin Futures.

Regionally, the distribution of crude salt production is mainly concentrated in East China, Central China, Northwest China, Southwest China and North China, accounting for 33%, 22%, 19%, 16% and 8% respectively. The regional distribution of caustic soda and soda ash production is highly similar to that of raw salt, and it is also concentrated in the above areas, and the proportion of regional production is not much different.

Figure 4: Distribution of crude salt yield by region

Source: National Bureau of Statistics, SDIC Anxin Futures.

Figure 5: Distribution of caustic soda and soda ash by region

Source: National Bureau of Statistics, SDIC Anxin Futures.

2. Cost relevance

The production of one ton of caustic soda requires 2300-2400 degrees of electricity and 1.4-1.6 tons of raw salt, of which electricity accounts for about 60% of the production cost and raw salt accounts for about 20% of the production cost. However, the production process of soda ash and ammonia-alkali process are different, and the cost is different. Among them, ammonia-alkali process consumes about 0.5 tons of coal, about 170 degrees of electricity, about 1.5 tons of raw salt and about 0.04 tons of synthetic ammonia, in which raw salt accounts for about 20% of the production cost, power coal accounts for about 29% and electricity accounts for about 9%. 1.6-1.7 tons of coal, about 500 degrees of electricity, about 1.2 tons of raw salt and 0.345 tons of synthetic ammonia are consumed to produce a ton of soda ash by the combined alkali process, in which raw salt accounts for about 13% of the production cost, power coal accounts for about 17% and electricity accounts for about 10%. Both raw salt and electricity affect the cost of caustic soda and soda ash, and the influence of coal on electricity determines that the cost trend of caustic soda and soda ash is highly convergent. Judging from the historical price trend, in the first half of 2018 -2021, due to the small fluctuation of raw material prices, the cost of caustic soda fluctuated around 1,400 yuan/ton, the cost of ammonia-alkali method was slightly higher than that of caustic soda, the range of 1,400-1,600 yuan fluctuated within a narrow range, and the cost of combined soda fluctuated around 1,800 yuan. In the second half of 2021, the cost of both products rose sharply. Due to the greater influence of electricity on caustic soda, the cost of caustic soda fluctuated more than that of soda ash, and the cost climbed from 1,400 yuan to 2,600 yuan, an increase of 85.7%. The production cost of ammonia-alkali method increased from 1,600 yuan to 2,500 yuan.The increase rate reached 56.3%, and the double-ton cost of the combined alkali process increased from 1900 yuan to 2700 yuan, with an increase rate of 42%. After that, the cost of caustic soda and soda ash decreased with the attenuation of the limiting film.

Figure 6: Cost comparison of caustic soda and soda ash

Source: SDIC Anxin Futures

3. Price relevance

Because the same upstream and downstream also have overlap, the price correlation between caustic soda and soda ash is high, the correlation coefficient is 0.7, and the trend is basically the same. However, from the second half of 2020 to the first half of 2021, the price of soda ash soared, but the price of caustic soda fell slightly. Reasons for price split: the downstream of soda ash is mainly float glass and photovoltaic glass. In the second half of 2020 and the first half of 2021, the market of float glass and photovoltaic glass is good, and the production capacity continues to rise. Especially in recent years, driven by carbon neutrality, the production capacity of photovoltaic glass has increased greatly, and the downstream demand has increased. The output of soda ash can’t match, which is in short supply and the price has soared. During this period, the production capacity of alumina, the main downstream of caustic soda, fluctuated little, and the downstream demand increment was limited, but the output of caustic soda increased slightly, and the price was in a weak pattern.

Figure 7: The price correlation between caustic soda and soda ash is high.

Source: Zhuo Chuang Information, SDIC Anxin Futures.

4. Downstream association

The largest downstream of caustic soda is alumina, which accounts for 29%, papermaking consumption accounts for 14% and printing and dyeing consumption accounts for 13%, while soda ash accounts for half of the consumption of heavy alkali and light alkali according to their different uses. Among them, heavy caustic soda is mainly used for float glass and photovoltaic glass, accounting for 34% and 18% respectively. The high prosperity of photovoltaic glass in recent years has made its consumption ratio increase continuously. In 2019, the output of photovoltaic glass was 6.14 million tons, and the consumption of soda ash reached 1.228 million tons. In 2022, the output of photovoltaic glass increased to 16.21 million tons, and the consumption of soda ash reached 3.242 million tons, which led to an increase of soda ash consumption by 164%. Light alkali is mainly used for daily glass, sodium silicate, sodium pyrosulfite, alumina, baking soda, etc. The substitution of caustic soda and soda ash is mainly in alumina, sodium silicate, monosodium glutamate, papermaking, printing and dyeing, washing and other industries. The choice of caustic soda or light alkali in these industries depends not only on the difference of process, but also on the price difference between them.

Figure 8: Downstream consumption of caustic soda and soda ash

Source: Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange and SDIC Anxin Futures.

5. How does the price difference affect the downstream alternative choice?

Generally, the price difference between 1.325* light alkali and 32% liquid alkali is used to see the price difference. From the historical trend of the price difference, most of the range is -1000- 500 yuan/ton. Before 2021, the price difference was mostly negative. After 2021, with the large-scale production of photovoltaics, the consumption of heavy caustic soda increased, and the price of heavy caustic soda rose rapidly, which made the price difference of light caustic soda higher than that of caustic soda, and the overall pattern of the industry changed to some extent. The price trend of light caustic soda was better than that of caustic soda. On the one hand, after soda ash went on the market, there would be some non-standard sets, which led to an increase in the demand for light caustic soda. In addition, the new energy concepts of photovoltaics and lithium carbonate were heavy. Recently, we have seen the price of caustic soda continue to fall, the inventory of soda ash is low, the price is firm, the price difference between light alkali and caustic soda continues to expand, and some downstream customers choose caustic soda to replace light alkali, which has dragged down the consumption of light alkali and caused the price to fall.

The price difference affects the downstream consumption choice. For alumina industry, his production processes mainly include sintering process, Bayer process and Bayer sintering combination. Bayer process uses caustic soda as raw material, and sintering process uses light alkali as raw material. At present, most alumina enterprises in China use Bayer process for production, mainly based on Bayer process’s simple process, short process and high product quality. However, the output of alumina produced by sintering process, series process and mixed process fluctuated in the range of 11 ~ 13%. Only some alumina plants in Shanxi and Chongqing maintain the production process in which the two methods coexist. Generally, when the price difference between them fluctuates little, it is not easy to replace the equipment, and only when the price difference is seriously unbalanced will the equipment be replaced. There are two production processes of sodium silicate: dry process and wet process. Soda is used in dry process and caustic soda is used in wet process. The traditional wet production process of sodium silicate is characterized by high energy consumption, high investment and complicated operation. The mainstream process in the market is dry process. Similarly, due to the consideration of equipment replacement cost, only when the price difference is seriously unbalanced will it be replaced. For washing and monosodium glutamate industries, there is no need to replace production equipment, so the alternative choice mainly considers the cost advantage and product quality difference brought about by the fluctuation of price difference between them. Among the alkali consumption in monosodium glutamate industry, the consumption of light alkali accounts for 75%, and that of caustic soda accounts for about 25%. The quality of products using light alkali is even better. Only the price of light alkali *1.325 far exceeds the price of liquid alkali. Enterprises choose caustic soda to replace light alkali, which reduces production costs.

Figure 9: Trend chart of the price difference between them.

Source: Zhuo Chuang Information, SDIC Anxin Futures.

6. Summary

Caustic soda and soda ash have a certain correlation. The same raw materials in the upstream determine the high overlap of their capacity distribution areas and the high synergy of their cost trends. In addition, the overlap in the downstream industries such as alumina, sodium silicate, paper making, printing and dyeing, monosodium glutamate and so on determines the high correlation of their price trends. The price difference between caustic soda and soda ash will affect the downstream alternative consumption choice.

　　A few days ago, BYD officially released a set of official interior drawings of seal 06 DM-I. The new car will be positioned as a medium-sized car, and will be equipped with BYD DM-i plug-in hybrid system, with pure electric cruising range of 60km and 90km. The new car will be officially unveiled at the Beijing Auto Show on April 25th.

　　Specifically, the interior of the new car follows BYD’s family style, with full LCD instrument panel and large-size central control screen design. The new car adopts a large number of curved designs on the door panels and seat surfaces, supplemented by a small amount of blue embellishment, which makes the overall atmosphere of the interior more elegant and fashionable. Different from BYD Seal, the shift area of the new car adopts a circular design, the small gear handle looks very delicate, and various function buttons surround the gear handle, which greatly improves the interior texture.

　　Looking back at the appearance, the new car adopts the brand-new design concept of BYD Ocean Series. The LED headlight group with L-shaped light strips on both sides of the front of the car cooperates with the sharp cooling openings on both sides of the front enclosure, showing a very dynamic style as a whole. In terms of body size, the length, width and height are 4830/1875/1495mm and the wheelbase is 2790mm respectively.

　　From the side of the car body, the new car adopts a slightly slippery shape, which looks compact and round as a whole. At the rear of the car, the new car adopts the popular penetrating taillight group, and the taillights on both sides adopt a drop-shaped design, which shows a fashionable and dynamic style with the blackening.

　　In terms of power, the car adopts a plug-in hybrid power system consisting of a 1.5L engine of BYD472QC model, in which the maximum power of the engine is 74 kW. Depending on the battery capacity and motor power, Seal 06 will be available in two versions. Among them, equipped with a 10.08kWh battery version, the pure electric cruising range of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (WLTC) is 60km; With the 15.874kWh battery version, the pure electric cruising range of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (WLTC) can reach 90km. According to reliable sources, Seal 06 will be equipped with BYD’s new generation of DM-i super hybrid technology, which is expected to bring new breakthroughs in energy efficiency. Under NEDC working conditions, the fuel consumption per 100 kilometers is less than 3L.

　　　　　

[Content at a glance]On October 18, when answering questions from domestic people, Putin affirmed: "In 2008, there will be a new owner in the Kremlin." Recently, from top to bottom, from officials to the people, Russia’s voice of retaining Putin has been "one after another".

　　　　Article 81 of the Russian Constitution stipulates that "the same person shall not serve as President of the Russian Federation for more than two consecutive times". Putin was elected president for the first time in March 2000, re-elected in 2004 and will step down in 2008. According to the current constitution, Putin will officially leave the presidency in May 2008. Putin himself has repeatedly said on different occasions that he will "finish class" by clicking. On October 18 this year, when answering questions from domestic people, Putin affirmed: "In 2008, there will be a new owner in the Kremlin." However, recently, the voices of Russia to retain Putin from top to bottom, from officials to the people, and from the central government to the local government have been "one after another".

　　　　　

On October 18th, in Moscow, the Russian capital, Russian President Vladimir Putin listened to people’s questions during the program. Xinhua news agency

　　　　　Russia will not enter the "post-Putin era"

　　　 People gather to stay in Putin

　　　　In recent weeks, large-scale street activities have been launched all over Russia to support Putin’s re-election as president. Parliaments all over the country have issued appeals one after another, urging the President to continue to be the actual leader of the country after the expiration of his term in 2008. The scale, number of people, wide geographical area and high voice of this round of "retention" activities are also thought-provoking.

　　　　According to statistics, only from October 23rd to 30th, similar gatherings were held in Volgograd, Kamchatka Petropavlovsk, Grozny, Pskov, Novosibirsk, Magadan and other major cities. People held photos of Putin in their hands and wore shirts that read "Putin is our choice", demanding that Putin stay in office.

　　　　The reporter found that within one day, only three local councils in the Ural Federal District passed an appeal for the president to remain in power. Councillors of Hante-Mansi Autonomous Region wrote in the appeal: "The current president’s policy has achieved remarkable results: the economic growth rate is unheard of in the past 30 to 40 years, and the national priority projects and population policies have been put into practice. This is the largest’ personal’ investment plan in contemporary Russian history, which has brought about the improvement of living standards … As a big country, Russia’s international prestige has been restored, and it can defend its own interests and maintain global stability. The most important thing is that President Putin’s policies have helped people to believe in themselves and the country, and have regained the honor of the motherland and confidence in tomorrow … "

　　　　The actions of the residents of Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Region are the most striking. They drafted an open letter to Putin at the rally in New Ullengoi. About 2,000 people attended the rally. They not only showed their attitude towards Putin, but also set up an all-Russian movement to "support Putin". In another letter to all Russian citizens, there is the following paragraph: "We hope that the reforms currently carried out by the President and guaranteed by his thoughtful and constructive policies will continue in the future. The realistic achievements of our country’s development, like his great contribution, are obvious to all, and he has the ability to make state power institutions operate effectively for the well-being of citizens. We are gathered here to say that today the country has its own leader-Putin … "

　　　　　Officials expressed their position to leave Putin.

　　　　In addition to the "retention" of the people, Russian officials at all levels have also asked Putin to "lead everyone to continue." On October 26th, mironov, Chairman of the Russian Federation Council (Speaker of the House of Lords), publicly stated: "Russian President Vladimir Putin should find a way to keep him as president after his term of office expires in 2008, because the Russian people want him to stay."

　　　　Not long ago, Chechen President Kadyrov said that Putin should remain in the post of Russian President and consider serving for life. In an interview with reporters, Kadyrov said: "If Russia is to maintain its current stable development and become a world power again, Putin should continue to serve as president. Since the presidents of Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and other countries can serve for life, why not Russia? " Kadyrov said: "As long as Putin’s health permits, we should do our best to keep him. It is very difficult to choose a successor for Putin. In charge of a country like Russia, not everyone has the same ability as Putin. Even if Putin leaves office, his policies will still be implemented. " Kadyrov made no secret of his admiration for Putin. He said, "Putin is a hero who saved Chechnya and gave the Chechen people a second life. He also saved Russia. He is a gift from God to Russia. "

　　　　Regarding whether Putin will remain in office, matviyenko, the mayor of St. Petersburg, once said bluntly: "Putin’s third consecutive election as president will be the guarantee of national stability." Many Russian local chief executives have also come forward to demand constitutional amendments and support Putin to remain president, among which die-hard supporters include Moscow Mayor Luzhkov and others. Others advocate changing the term of office of the president to seven years.

　　　　　　Political parties offer advice to stay in Putin

　　　　In mid-October this year, Boris Gryzlov, Chairman of the Russian Duma and Chairman of the United Russia Party, published an article entitled "Putin will still be the leader of Russia" in Russian newspaper. Gryzlov said in the article: "The upcoming Duma election is actually a referendum in support of Putin. The United Russia Party should mobilize and publicize the program of our main candidate to the society. " He pointed out, "On December 2, 2007, the issue of national leaders will be decided on this day. Putin is, should be and will be the national leader. Russian citizens trust the current president. This trust stems from its obvious work achievements. "

　　　　Gryzlov also said: "A similar proposal was put forward long ago to amend the Constitution and remove the restriction that the president can only serve two consecutive terms. The original intention of most suggestions is to avoid the crisis and leave a person who can ensure Russia’s achievements in the position of head of state. This desire is understandable. The United Russia Party and its majority in parliament will provide a reliable guarantee for Putin’s leadership position. All the actions of the United Russia Party in parliament and everywhere are aimed at supporting the policy of our national leaders. The United Russia Party is not just an ordinary member of numerous political parties. It was established for the consolidation of the country. We have been fulfilling this mission. The president’s decision to appear at the top of the candidate list once again proves the fact that the United Russia Party is the Putin Party. "

　　　　In order to retain Putin, the United Russia Party put forward some options for Putin at the congress in early October this year: to remain president, to be the leader of the United Russia Party, to be the prime minister of the government, and to be the first person on the list of federal candidates for the United Russia Party to participate in the Duma election. At that time, after agreeing to lead the United Russia Party to participate in the Duma election, Putin said: "Leading the government is a completely realistic proposal, but it is too early to consider this issue, because it requires at least two conditions: First, the United Russia Party should win in the election; Second, a decent, capable and efficient person who can work with him should be elected as the president of the country. "

　　　　However, when party member, the United Russia Party, cheered for this, Putin denied that he "may become the prime minister again after leaving office" when attending the Russia-EU summit in Mavra Castle on the outskirts of Lisbon on October 26th.

　　　　The most interesting plan to keep Putin in office is to "elect Putin’s wife to run for president." Not long ago, Russian media reported that Putin’s supporters had found a way to keep Putin, that is, to elect the first lady Lyudmila Pujingna as a candidate to be elected president, because this would not only maintain the continuity of Putin’s policies and his influence, but also ensure that he would stay in the Kremlin. Some people in Volgograd have also established a campaign called "Support Pujingna! Support the organization of the female president.

　　　　Mironov, chairman of the Russian Federation Council, simply said: "Even if the constitutional amendment fails, Putin cannot be elected for the third time, and I hope that he will run for the presidency again after 2012." (Our correspondent in Russia Guan Jianbin)

Editor: Li Xiuwei