Jing Jian Fa [2018] No.19

District Housing and Urban Construction Committees, Dongcheng and Xicheng District Housing and Urban Construction Committees, Construction Bureau of Economic and Technological Development Zone, and all relevant units:

　　In order to strengthen the use management and information service of construction engineering materials (hereinafter referred to as building materials), further standardize the information reporting of building materials procurement, and improve the integrity level of building materials procurement and use, according to the requirements of "Beijing Construction Engineering Quality Regulations" and "Beijing Civil Building Energy Conservation Management Measures", the relevant matters concerning the information reporting of building materials procurement in this Municipality are hereby notified as follows:

　　1. Since January 1, 2019, the main building materials purchased by housing construction and municipal infrastructure projects (hereinafter referred to as "construction projects") within the administrative area of this Municipality, and the main concrete raw materials purchased by ready-mixed concrete production enterprises or stations (hereinafter referred to as "concrete mixing stations") shall be filled in according to the provisions of this Notice.

　　2. The Beijing Municipal Commission of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (hereinafter referred to as the Municipal Commission of Housing and Urban-Rural Development) is responsible for the organization and management of the reporting of procurement information, the construction of the reporting system of procurement information, and the organization of special inspections on the reporting of procurement information. The District Housing Construction Committee shall specify the corresponding departments (hereinafter referred to as the procurement information reporting management institutions) and be responsible for the daily supervision and management of the procurement information reporting work in this district.

　　3. The varieties of building materials for filling in the procurement information include: building steel, ready-mixed concrete, assembled building parts, wall materials, waterproof coiled materials, waterproof coatings, building external windows, thermal insulation materials, ready-mixed mortar, water supply and drainage pipes and fittings, radiators, wires and cables, solar hot water system collectors and HVAC equipment; The raw materials of ready-mixed concrete are cement, sand, stone, admixture, fly ash and mineral powder.

　　The Municipal Housing and Urban-Rural Development Committee will timely adjust the varieties and contents of the procurement information of building materials and ready-mixed concrete raw materials according to market conditions.

　　4. The information to be filled in includes: the name of the material supplier (distribution enterprise and production enterprise), the registered place of the supplier, the name of the material, the purchase price, the purchase quantity, specifications and models, the technical indicators of the products, and the personnel who accept the materials at the site.

　　Five, building materials procurement information reporting by the construction unit is responsible for the construction project, to fill in the project as a unit; The concrete mixing station is responsible for filling in the procurement information of ready-mixed concrete raw materials, and the information shall be filled in according to the site. See the annex for the batch of raw materials for building materials and ready-mixed concrete, and the filling process is as follows:

　　(1) Building materials

　　1. The construction unit shall, after the building materials have passed the acceptance inspection and before use, and after the supervision unit has reviewed the procurement information, fill in the procurement information online through the building energy conservation and building materials management service platform (hereinafter referred to as the management service platform) of the website of the Municipal Housing and Urban-Rural Development Committee according to the batch.

　　2. The building materials procurement unit and the supervision unit are respectively responsible for collecting the procurement information, witness information and other related information to the construction unit.

　　3. If the building materials procurement information or contract contents are changed, the construction unit shall timely change the information provided through the management service platform.

　　4. Before the construction project is completed and accepted, the construction unit and supervision unit shall apply for the completion confirmation of purchasing information reporting through the management service platform. The management service platform automatically verifies the information provided. If the verification fails, the construction unit and supervision unit should carefully check the information, and then apply for completion confirmation after it is confirmed. After the completion confirmation is passed, the provided procurement information will not be changed.

　　(2) Ready-mixed concrete raw materials

　　1. The concrete mixing station shall fill in the purchasing information online through the management service platform according to the batch after the ready-mixed concrete raw materials have passed the acceptance inspection and before use.

　　2. In case of any change in raw material procurement information or contract contents, the concrete mixing station shall timely fill in the information through the management service platform.

　　Six, the construction unit, concrete mixing station is responsible for the authenticity of the reported procurement information, and shall not conceal, omit or make false reports.

　　The construction unit and supervision unit shall check the information provided with the on-site objects through the management service platform, and if any discrepancy is found, they shall promptly notify the construction unit to correct it. If the construction unit fails to correct or the correction is not in place, the supervision unit shall inform the procurement information reporting management institution of the territorial construction project within three days.

　　Before the construction unit organizes the final acceptance, it should check whether the building materials procurement information has been completed and confirmed. Construction projects that have not completed the building materials procurement information or have not completed the procurement information should not organize the final acceptance.

　　Seven, building materials, ready-mixed concrete raw materials supply enterprises should be in accordance with the provisions through the management service platform to fill in the enterprise name, product technical indicators, production capacity, production planning, comprehensive energy consumption indicators per unit product, purchasing units, purchasing quantity, purchasing price and mode of transportation and other information, and through the management service platform to query the procurement information of their products in this city, found that the procurement information does not match the actual supply situation, report to the municipal or district housing construction committee.

　　Eight, the District Housing Construction Committee should strengthen the guidance service and supervision and management of the local building materials, ready-mixed concrete raw materials procurement information reporting, found that the relevant units did not carry out building materials procurement information reporting or not according to the requirements of Article 5 of this notice for procurement information reporting, shall be ordered to make rectification, and in accordance with the provisions on the dynamic supervision and management of the qualifications of construction enterprises and personnel in this Municipality, the illegal units and personnel shall be dealt with.

　　If the construction unit, supervision unit, construction unit or concrete mixing station has been administratively dealt with for a total of three times within one year due to violation of the relevant provisions on filling in the procurement information of building materials and ready-mixed concrete raw materials, the municipal or district housing construction committee may interview the person in charge of the enterprise and start the qualification verification of the enterprise in accordance with the relevant provisions.

　　Nine, the municipal and district housing construction committee to strengthen the collection and analysis of procurement information, do a good job in information services, and gradually establish a credit management mechanism for building materials, ready-mixed concrete raw material supply enterprises, and in accordance with the relevant provisions of the public building materials, ready-mixed concrete raw material procurement information, production capacity and production planning information.

　　X. This notice shall come into force as of January 1, 2019. The Notice of Beijing Housing and Urban-Rural Development Committee on Strengthening the Filing Work of Materials and Equipment Procurement for Construction Projects (J.J.F. [2011] No.19) shall be abolished at the same time.

Beijing Municipal Commission of Housing and Urban-Rural Development

October 9, 2018

Editor’s lead: With the deepening of socialized production mode, the market competition has changed from the competition between single customers to the competition between supply chains, and all parties in the same supply chain are interdependent, "one glory will be honored, and one loss will be lost". Therefore, "supply chain financing" series of financial products came into being. This article takes you in-depth analysis of supply chain finance, and I believe you will have a deeper understanding.

The concept of supply chain finance was first put forward by Shenzhen Development Bank in 2001, after which Shenzhen Development Bank initiated the warehouse receipt pledge business, creating a new model for financial development. However, before 2016, the development was quite slow. Except for Shenzhen Development Bank (later renamed Ping An Bank), only a few state-owned banks had trial business. It was not until 2016 that the state began to issue relevant policies that the development of supply chain finance was ushered in.

In 2016, the state encouraged the development of accounts receivable financing centered on core enterprises. In October 2017, it was first proposed that supply chain finance should support the development of the real economy. In 2019, it was proposed to reduce the dependence on mortgage guarantee and increase the proportion of credit loans and accounts receivable financing.

From 2021, the state put forward the concept of inclusive finance, and began to fully promote the development of inclusive finance. From the national policies, we can see that the country holds a very prudent and steady attitude on the road of promoting inclusive finance’s landing.

Mainly because of the emergence of a new format, its development is not yet mature, and the risks behind it have not been fully revealed. In order to ensure the financial stability of the country, a cautious attitude is adopted. However, a prudent attitude does not mean that the ultimate goal of the country is to develop supply chain finance, which is mainly based on accounts receivable. Supply chain finance is a means, and the core of the country wants to make funds flow into the 97% small and medium-sized enterprises in the real industry. Therefore, the scope of inclusive finance is now wider, including more than just a form of supply chain finance. From this we can determine that the core value of supply chain finance is:

• Promote the development of inclusive finance, stimulate the development vitality of small and medium-sized enterprises, enhance their ability to resist risks, and lay a financial foundation for the steady development of China’s industrial supply chain.
• Promote small and medium-sized enterprises from the survival line to the development line, and promote the overall industrial upgrading.

Then we should grasp this core and pay attention to risk exposure in the process of making a supply chain financial platform.

At present, there are two main trends in judging the repayment ability of enterprises, one is based solely on traditional bank risk control, and the other is based on traditional risk control combined with online data. As China’s data age has just begun, the data platforms of local governments and non-governmental organizations are still in the initial stage of construction, the construction of data channels is not complete, and the data collected at present is still under construction according to the data dimension of traditional bank risk control. Some platforms have added business travel, social media and other data, but the cash flow in the important banking system can not be fully obtained to judge the operation of enterprises.

The lack of data dimension leads us to have a poor grasp of the real business situation of the enterprise, and we are bound to be conservative in risk judgment, which affects the coverage of the enterprise and the financing amount of the enterprise.

In addition to the lack of risk control data, we basically judge the future repayment ability of enterprises based on the past data of enterprises at present, and do not predict the future repayment ability in combination with the development trend of enterprises. However, the enterprise will repay in the future, so it will be more stable to predict the future repayment ability than to control the risk based on the past repayment ability. Risk control based on past repayment ability is based on the assumption that enterprises will not be worse in the future than in the past. But this assumption is not reasonable.

There are also many core enterprises that have closed down frequently. The risk control based on future repayment ability is actually a more rational decision based on quantitative analysis. Predicting the future is uncertain, but at the same time it is pioneering. On the one hand, this pioneering may enable us to master more accurate repayment ability of enterprises, on the other hand, we can get higher financing for enterprises with sustained business growth, which will more effectively promote the development of high-quality enterprises. In fact, predicting the future is to help the whole ecology survive the fittest.

No matter from the national or private point of view, supply chain finance is generally started from core enterprises. Starting with core enterprises has several advantages: ① Core enterprises have a high trade status, which makes it easier to drive upstream and downstream small and medium-sized enterprises to do supply chain finance business together, which can make the traffic increase rapidly. ② Core enterprises have a relatively high degree of informatization, and the change cost is relatively lower in promoting the implementation of supply chain finance. (3) The core enterprises have strong credit standing and strong financial strength, and financing the upstream suppliers with the repayment ability of the core enterprises as the guarantee is in line with the current risk control cognition.

Let’s analyze the above three advantages in detail. Now supply chain finance is in the early stage of development, and it is still a blue ocean market, so that the rapid growth of traffic can quickly seize market share and have the first-Mover advantage.

So the first advantage is very important. The second advantage can be replaced by the informatization ability of core enterprises, and technology companies should have more advantages in informatization construction than core enterprises. Only with the help of the information system of core enterprises, the cost of transformation is lower, especially the saving of time cost to further promote the first-Mover advantage.

The third point is based on the upward transmission of credit of core enterprises, which is actually credit financing in essence, and its credit can only be transmitted upward, but not downward (downstream procurement financing does not rely on the credit of core enterprises), and accounts receivable financing is actually traditional financing, which is not supply chain finance in essence.

After analysis, we find that there is only one advantage of doing supply chain finance based on core enterprises, which is to seize market share quickly. But it also has a disadvantage, lack of penetration, and can’t really meet the financing needs of small and medium-sized enterprises in the whole industrial chain.

It is very important to seize market share quickly, and it must be the top priority for any enterprise. I want to say, can we do more than seize market share? It is the most important thing for us to seize market share quickly at this stage, but in the long run, we have to return to the financing needs and business scenarios of small and medium-sized enterprises, or to the thinking with small and medium-sized enterprises as the main body.

At present, there are many modes of supply chain finance in the market, such as prepayment financing, warehouse receipt financing, invoice financing and tax financing, which are all ways to directly finance small and medium-sized enterprises without core enterprises. But what I mainly discuss here is not the mode of financing, but the main role of financing.

Although accounts receivable financing centered on core enterprises is the most mainstream supply chain financial model in the market at present, it cannot benefit most small and medium-sized enterprises in the market because of its poor penetration, and the blank market is very large. I think it is also a first-Mover advantage to seize the blank market from small and medium-sized enterprises.

In the end, a situation will be formed, one is to expand the market upstream and downstream from the core enterprises, and the other is to expand the market around from small and medium-sized enterprises. If these two models can be combined in the future, a complete market network will be formed. So if someone cuts in from the core enterprises, someone cuts in from the small and medium-sized enterprises, and then the two are combined, it is equivalent to expanding the market at twice the speed.

• While competing for traffic, various industrial platforms will lead to the fragmentation of the whole market. In order to expand customers, SMEs need to trade in multiple industrial platforms, and their transaction data are scattered and isolated, which makes it difficult to integrate into standardized data assets. In the supply chain financial services based on data assets, the services enjoyed by SMEs are still limited. However, each platform is "fragmented" and has not reached interconnection and mutual assistance. The fragmentation of the platform does not meet the real demands of SMEs.
• Unilateral consideration of the needs of financial institutions, ignoring the needs of enterprises. At present, many financial service platforms are mainly built to cater to the financing process of financial institutions, which are not closely integrated with the trade process of enterprises, and the overall experience in the financing process of enterprises is poor and inefficient.
• Regardless of the business prospects and business stability of small and medium-sized enterprises, in order to ensure risk control, a lower quota is given across the board according to the previous risk control model. However, although the small and medium-sized enterprises in the physical industry are small in scale, their business liquidity is usually millions, and the small-scale credit across the board cannot meet the capital needs of small and medium-sized enterprises.
• Without considering the industry attributes of small and medium-sized enterprises, the overall supply and demand situation of the industry and price fluctuations, adopting a unified credit risk control model has low accuracy, which leads to the reduction of the overall quota for risk control.

• At present, all supply chain financial platforms build platform standards from their own perspective, and cross-platform standards may be different, which is not conducive to cross-platform integration.
• The upstream and downstream of each industry are actually cross-industries. For example, the upstream steel suppliers in the automobile manufacturing industry are not only involved in automobiles, but also in construction, roads, machinery, military industry and so on. The downstream 4S shop involves not only automobile manufacturing, but also lubricants, parts and so on. If the standardization is built by the core enterprises in a certain industry, its radiation scope is limited, and there is no way for the upstream and downstream to integrate standardization across industries.
• Some regions are committed to formulating regional standardization, but the industry is not regional, and it is cross-regional, national or even global from the source to the terminal. Regional standardization also has limitations and cannot penetrate the entire industrial chain.

To sum up, if we can’t build cross-platform, cross-industry and cross-regional standardization, we can’t build a full-coverage financial service network. Therefore, the lack of standardization is a major factor hindering the development of supply chain finance in the future, which has not attracted the attention of the industry at present.

With the improvement of risk control, supply chain finance no longer needs the credit of core enterprises, and can meet the ultimate national expectation, that is, in the industrial network of the whole country, where there is a shortage of funds, funds will go, and social funds will be distributed more reasonably and evenly to maximize the utilization of funds. On the one hand, the perfection of risk control promotes the continuous expansion of supply chain finance in the direction of decentralization, on the other hand, the national expectation also drives the development of supply chain finance in the direction of decentralization. We should build a decentralized platform based on this foresight, create this first-Mover advantage in advance, and also promote the development speed of supply chain finance.

Demarcation should be understood from three angles.

(1) assets to the border. At present, there are many B2B industrial platforms, and there will be multiple industrial platforms in the same vertical field, and the management platforms of some core enterprises will also have sales modules to undertake online orders. When providing financial services, each industrial platform takes the orders in the platform as the target, and has its own platform boundaries.

Customers get credit on one platform based on the overall credit status of the enterprise, so once they get credit on one platform, it is difficult to get credit on other platforms, but customers’ transactions may not be limited to one platform, which leads to only a part of customers’ orders being financed. The boundary of this industrial platform leads to customers not being able to enjoy adequate financing services.

In the future, services will be provided by real financing scenarios of small and medium-sized enterprises, and breaking the boundaries of platforms will be a prerequisite for providing better financing services.

2 funds go to the border. Every financial institution gives credit to an enterprise based on its overall credit status and repayment ability.

Once a financial institution gives credit to an enterprise, it is basically difficult for the enterprise to get credit from other financial institutions, so the financing services enjoyed by the enterprise will be limited by the service types, interest rates, cycles and targets provided by the current financial institutions.

It is not flexible enough from the perspective of enterprise’s overall asset management. A more favorable way for enterprises is to have a professional platform to assume the responsibility of risk control and give flexible credit lines according to the overall dynamic repayment ability of enterprises. Then the financing application is diverted to various financial institutions through routers, and financial institutions only undertake financing services. In this model, financial institutions no longer undertake the credit granting work, or even the whole risk control outsourcing, which reduces the risk for financial institutions through risk transfer, and at the same time reduces the demand for organizational personnel, which can benefit enterprises and achieve the goal of inclusive finance.

For the platform, because of the provision of risk control services, it not only breaks the boundaries of financial institutions and provides more flexible financing services for enterprises, but also enhances the strategic position of the platform and becomes an indispensable existence in the whole model. At the same time, risk control can increase revenue for the platform. For enterprises, they can enjoy more flexible financial services and lower interest rates.

③ The type of financing service goes beyond the boundary. At present, various financial service platforms will launch a variety of financing service types, and each type needs to apply for a quota separately. The business model of enterprises is diversified, and many times a variety of financing services are needed to cooperate, but different quotas are scattered and fragmented, so enterprises need to make some matching when using them.

It is likely that there will be a target with a large amount, but at present, the quotas obtained by enterprises are scattered and unconnected, and none of them can meet the financing needs of the target. Therefore, the solution I propose is that the platform gives enterprises a comprehensive quota, which is applicable to all types of financing services launched by the platform. Enterprises only need to apply for the quota once, and the subsequent financing needs to be applied on demand, sharing a quota.

It not only reduces the operation of enterprises applying for credit, reduces the number of times that risk control calls their credit information, but also improves the utilization rate of credit lines. The premise of the type of financing service going to the border is that the capital side goes to the border.

At present, social funds are mainly concentrated in three places: banks, enterprises and individuals. Enterprises are the only export to create wealth. However, enterprises mainly use their own money to create wealth. Personal money is deposited in banks, and bank money is given to a small number of enterprises, that is, most money can only create a small amount of wealth for a small number of enterprises.

The uneven distribution of funds in the whole society also leads to the situation of insufficient utilization of funds. The state encourages inclusive finance to support the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, which is actually to distribute social funds in a balanced way, so that social funds can play a greater role. Banks give money to more enterprises to create more wealth, and enterprises can invest in production, investment and innovation with more funds, so that the gears of industrial upgrading can roll. In order for banks to give more money to more enterprises, the early stage must be to build a portrait and credit evaluation of enterprises in the whole society and do a good job in risk control.

In the later stage, it is to let banks give money to enterprises more smoothly and efficiently. Therefore, the automation of financial service process will be gradually popularized in the later period.

By then, the whole system will automatically provide financing services and automatic settlement according to the capital needs of enterprises. Enterprises can enjoy the support of bank funds at low cost, and the surplus profits can be further invested in innovative research and development, industrial upgrading, and enhance the profit rate of enterprises. Once the capital channel can operate without obstacles, it means that the capital turnover rate of the whole society will be improved, social wealth will continue to grow, and inflation can be reduced.

Therefore, the automation of financial service process is not only the demand of enterprises, but also the demand of the whole society and the whole country, and the future must be the direction encouraged by the state.

When the automation of financial service process reaches a certain popularity, the role of banks is to take over the distribution of social funds in an all-round way, and the role of enterprises is to innovate and connect. The comprehensive functions undertaken by the original enterprise as a single role are decomposed, and the capital functions are completely subcontracted to banks. Enterprises concentrate on the production and circulation of things, and the social division of labor is further reconstructed. After the social division of labor is clearer and finer, the overall social operation efficiency will be higher.

Therefore, the future development of supply chain finance is not only to support small and medium-sized enterprises in the real economy, but also to reconstruct the social division of labor and create a new social ecology.

　

This article was originally published by @ Weekend Living Room. Everyone is a product manager. Reprinting is prohibited without permission.

The title map comes from Unsplash and is based on CC0 protocol.

An electric car owner in Beijing said that if the household electricity is charged slowly, the charging fee is the electricity fee of the normal home meter; If the public charging piles are used for quick charging, the average public charging piles in urban areas have a cheap flat peak time of about 1 yuan per kilowatt hour, and a peak charging time of about 1.8 yuan per kilowatt hour. Suburbs or some areas outside the Fourth and Fifth Ring Roads may have different degrees of concessions. "The electricity fee is converted into more than ten yuan a day."

The Nanjing Municipal Price Bureau recently issued a notice on adjusting the charging standard of pure electric vehicles, and raised the charging standard of local pure electric vehicles. The highest charging standard for pure electric vehicles (less than seven seats) is 1.68 yuan per kilowatt hour. So, what is the cost of using public charging piles for electric car owners in Beijing? Will it cost more than foreign car owners? What preparations do you need if you want to install a cheap household charging pile? With these questions, the Beijing Youth Daily reporter conducted an investigation.

status

More than 20 provinces and cities across the country have introduced charging standards.

It is understood that at present, more than 20 provinces and cities across the country have introduced charging standards for charging and replacing electricity services. The reporter of Beiqing Daily found out that not long ago, Shenzhen issued the "Notice on Adjusting the Charging Service Fee for Electric Vehicles in Our City". According to the notice, since July 1, 2018, the maximum price of charging service fees for electric vehicles in Shenzhen has been adjusted to 0.80 yuan/kWh.

In addition, the notice of electricity price for new energy vehicles issued by Guangdong Province also shows that the charging service fee is the highest 0.8 yuan/kWh.

Suzhou Municipal Price Bureau issued the Notice on Verifying the Service Price of Pure Electric Bus (12m) Charging Facilities in the Third Quarter of 2018, which mentioned that the charging service price of pure electric bus (12m) is charged according to the charging degree, and the highest price is 1.56 yuan/kWh; In terms of the service price of charging facilities for pure electric vehicles (less than 7 seats), the notice shows that the highest price is 2.04 yuan/kWh according to the charging degree, which will be implemented from July 10.

In other cities, the "Notice on Defining the Charging Service Fee Policy for Electric Vehicles in Qingdao" shows that the charging service fee for electric buses should not exceed 0.60 yuan/kwh, and the charging service fee for electric passenger cars should not exceed 0.65 yuan/kwh.

pay close attention

Beijing charging service fee is no longer limited by the government.

Then, what kind of policy agreement and market situation does Beijing have in electric vehicle charging service? In fact, on February 27th this year, the Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission issued the latest edition of Beijing Pricing Catalogue, showing that the number of government pricing items in the implementation catalogue was reduced from 41 in 2016 to 36. Among them, five items, including electric vehicle charging service fees, will be released from April 1, which means that the above items will no longer be set by the government and will be adjusted by the market.

Previously, the charging service fee ceiling standard for electric vehicles issued by Beijing in 2015 showed that charging service enterprises could charge users charging service fees. The charging service fee is charged according to the charging amount, and the upper limit of each charge is 15% of the highest retail price per liter of Beijing No.92 gasoline on that day. Each business unit may formulate specific charging standards without exceeding the upper limit standard.

According to reports, among the five newly released prices this year, including three charging service fees for electric vehicles, they belong to areas with a high degree of marketization. The liberalization of pricing is conducive to improving the efficiency of resource allocation and stimulating market vitality.

Relevant persons pointed out that at present, the city’s charging service is in the market cultivation stage, and enterprises have fierce competition in expanding market share, a high degree of marketization, and the overall operation of the industry is good, so they have the conditions for liberalization. In addition, in recent years, in order to improve charging efficiency, some enterprises have also introduced power exchange services and mobile charging services, which are not in the pricing catalogue. Therefore, in order to encourage model innovation and promote industry development, the charging service fee for electric vehicles has been liberalized.

survey

The daily charging fee for car owners is generally around 10 yuan.

An electric car owner, Mr. Xia, told the reporter of Beiqing Daily that if the household electricity is charged slowly, the charging fee is the electricity fee of the normal home meter. If public charging piles are used for quick charging, the average public charging piles in urban areas have a cheap flat peak time of about 1 yuan per degree, and charge at peak time of about 1.8 yuan per degree. Suburbs or some areas outside the Fourth and Fifth Ring Roads may have different degrees of concessions, "like Pinggu, the cheap ones are about 80 cents".

Near a public charging station in Haidian District, Mr. Xia opened the charging pile interface he was connecting for the reporter of Beiqing Daily, which showed that he had charged 43.17 yuan that day, and the charging capacity was 26.54 kwh, which was equivalent to about 1.63 yuan per kwh.

The reporter of Beiqing Daily clicked on the equipment information column of the charging pile. The information about the charging model in the page shows that the charging cost of this charging pile called Easy Charging is divided into four gears according to time periods, including peak period, normal period and valley period. The description of the corresponding time on the charging pile shows that the valley time is before 7 o’clock every day; 7 o’clock -10 o’clock is a flat section; 10 o’clock -15 o’clock is the peak section; 15: 00 -18: 00 is a flat section; 18-21 points are the peak segments; 21-23 points are flat segments; After 23 o’clock, it is the valley section.

Mr. Xia told the reporter of Beiqing Daily that if his car is used more for commuting, it will be calculated as 300 kilometers for six days according to 50 kilometers per day. "One month’s electricity bill is converted into about ten yuan a day."

Another car owner, Mr. Zhang, recommended a charging applet to the reporter of Beiqing Daily. The reporter of Beiqing Daily searched the public charging piles around Shuangjing R&F City at 6 pm. The recommended information on the program page shows that the charging unit price of Modern City charging station in the current period (18: 00-21: 00) is 2.2182 yuan/kwh, of which the electricity fee is 1.4182 yuan/kwh and the service fee is 0.8 yuan/kwh; At the same time, it shows that the next period starts at 21 o’clock, and the charging unit price is 1.6925 yuan per kilowatt hour. In contrast, before 7: 00 a.m. on the same day, the reporter of Beiqing Daily searched for the charging unit price of the charging station at the same location and showed that it was 1.1928 yuan/kwh, including 0.3928 yuan/kwh for electricity and 0.8 yuan/kwh for service.

At the same time in the afternoon, the reporter of Beiqing Daily tried to search the charging piles and prices around Zhongguancun Carrefour. After the location search, the recommended page showed that the charging station of China Renmin University had a unified price of 1.3503 yuan per kwh, including 0.5503 yuan for electricity and 0.8 yuan/kwh for service. Sun Park charging station, the unified price of 2.0 yuan/kWh throughout the day, including electricity charge 1.2 yuan/kWh and service charge 0.8 yuan/kWh; The current charging unit price of Dazhongsi charging station (7: 00-23: 00) is 1.67 yuan/kwh, including 0.87 yuan/kwh for electricity and 0.8 yuan/kwh for service.

press sb for an interview

Household charging piles are installed free of charge by manufacturers within one year.

In addition to using public charging piles, more and more electric car owners hope to install their own charging piles to facilitate daily charging, which involves the problem of installing charging piles. So how much does it cost to install household charging piles?

The service staff of a SAIC New Energy 4S shop told Beiqing Daily that for private car owners who buy brand cars, manufacturers usually give home charging piles and provide installation services. Taking this brand as an example, the installation of household charging piles is free within one year. If it exceeds one year, the charging piles will be given away for free, but the installation will require additional payment. "The installation of charging piles is usually carried out by a third party qualified by the factory. The specific cost should be consulted with them, about one or two thousand yuan." The service staff of the 4S shop said.

Tesla’s customer service staff told Beiqing Daily that Tesla is an individual car owner, and the new car will be given a charging pile with the car. At the same time, the new car will be installed free of charge within one year of purchase and within 80 meters. "If there is a free line within 80 meters, basically most domestic parking spaces can be installed for free." The above-mentioned customer service staff said that if it is more than one year, it needs to be installed at its own expense.

The staff said that the installation cost of self-funded installation mainly depends on the length of the installation line, so the specific cost depends on their own situation. "If the parking space is not too far from the power supply, some car owners say that the installation cost is about several hundred to one thousand pieces." Another rider said that the case where the parking space is particularly far from the power supply has also heard that the installation of charging piles cost five or six thousand yuan, but this estimate is not much.

contrast

How much can an electric car save compared with a fuel car?

Which is more economical in daily expenses, fuel vehicles or pure electric vehicles? Some car enthusiasts have made a special comparison, and the conclusion is that the cost of electric vehicles should be saved a lot.

Taking a domestic mainstream brand as an example, the enthusiast pointed out that a domestic fuel-powered vehicle with both fuel and electric versions of the same model will travel about 15,000-20,000 kilometers every year, which means that it needs 1,200-1,600 liters of gasoline every year, and according to the average 6.5 yuan/liter of No.92 gasoline, it means that the fuel-powered vehicle needs 7,800-10,400 yuan every year.

The battery capacity of pure electric vehicles of the same brand is 41 kWh, which is calculated according to the standard cruising range of 300 kilometers, that is, it needs 2050-2733 kWh for running in one year, and it is weighted according to the slow charge of 0.6 yuan/kWh and the fast charge of 1.5 yuan/kWh at 8: 2, and the annual charging electricity fee is about 1599-2132 yuan. In addition, electric vehicles are relatively more economical in maintenance.

data

Beijing has been built cumulatively.

About 127,000 charging piles

Mr. Xia, the owner of the car, told the reporter of Beiqing Daily that it is not difficult to find a charging pile in the urban area at present. "It can always be found within almost four or five kilometers." He said that even if he is not familiar with the area, there are tips on the location of the charging network in general cars or mobile navigation.

According to authoritative data, by the end of April 2018, about 127,000 charging piles had been built in Beijing, with a ratio of 0.7: 1 to the number of electric vehicles promoted. At the same time, a public charging network with an average service radius of 5 kilometers within the Sixth Ring Road has been formed. Among them, in the field of private use, about 90,000 self-use charging piles have been built in Beijing, accounting for 75% of personal electric vehicles.

From a national perspective, up to now, cities including Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, etc. rank among the top in China in promoting the development of charging piles. Among them, the number of charging infrastructure in Beijing ranks first in the country.

point out

Install household charging piles

Contact the property first.

With the upsurge of buying new energy vehicles, users’ attention to household charging piles has gradually increased. In this regard, some new energy riders summed up the installation tips of household charging piles and pointed out that before the installation process begins, the first step is very important, that is, contacting the property company to determine whether the residential area has the relevant conditions for the installation of charging piles.

According to reports, at present, the general rule for installing charging piles is to require parking spaces with their own property rights. In addition, some properties are not suitable for installing charging piles because of their early construction. If charging piles are installed, additional equipment and lines need to be updated and invested, so it is necessary to communicate with the properties in advance.

In the second step, professional construction personnel are required to conduct on-the-spot investigation, evaluation and measurement, and choose the best installation location according to the actual situation of the owner, so that a lot of expenses can be saved during installation. The third step requires the owner to provide relevant materials. Finally, after the construction scheme is determined, it can be actually installed. "According to the conditions of each community and the location of the garage, the construction time is different. Some of them only take two hours to complete, and some may take a whole day to complete the construction. Generally speaking, it will not be too complicated." Relevant riders said. This group/reporter Ren Xiaoyuan

The blue word cultural industry reviews above the point pay attention to and star the standard.

Recently, the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television (SARFT) intensively issued the Notice on Further Strengthening the Management of Network Micro-short Plays and Implementing the Creation Promotion Plan (click for me to view) and the Opinions on Promoting the Prosperity and Development of Short Plays (click for me to view), making policy adjustments to micro-short plays and short plays. At present, the competition among major platforms for miniseries has entered the stage of deep involution, and seven video platforms, namely Aauto Quicker, Tik Tok, Youku, Tencent, Mango TV, bilibili and iQiyi, have entered the game one after another. This paper focuses on the introduction of micro-short plays on the heads of major platforms for friends to grasp the current development of micro-short plays.

author　| Professor Zhao Hui, National Social Science Art Project "Current Status, Problems, Countermeasures and Development Trends of Miniature Plays" Team: Zhao Hui, Tian Yawen, Wang Sihan, Bao Yan, Lin Yijia.

read and edit　| Time

edit　| Peninsula

source　| Media No.1 (ID: zcfhxy)

Micro-short plays have entered the stage of deep involution, and various platforms have entered the game one after another, showing the appearance of a hundred flowers blooming.

In terms of short video platform, Aauto Quicker was the first to enter the game, with emotion, youth, family and comedy taking turns, followed by Tik Tok, who poked the pain point of life with content and paid attention to humanistic care. In terms of long video platform, Youku has always been the leader in word-of-mouth and quantity. Tencent has built a very aesthetic theater with ten points, Mango TV emphasizes quality, and short plays frequently appear in circles. bilibili has taken the road of creative brain-burning early, and Iqiyi finally joined and is catching up.

After experiencing brutal growth and fierce competition, short plays will eventually embark on the road of quality and diversification.

Aauto Quicker: Four major content tracks take turns to debut.

Since 2019, the number of short plays in Aauto Quicker has reached 12,000, and the number of short plays with the head star has exceeded 350. According to the summary data of Aauto Quicker Short Plays page, 203 short plays were launched from January to August in 2022, with sweet pets, ancient customs and families dominating.

△ Data source: Milan Communication Consulting Video Network Communication Monitoring and Research Database Data monitoring time: January 1, 2022-August 26, 2022.

By the end of 2021, among the 240+ short plays of Aauto Quicker Xingmang, more than 100 plays have exceeded 100 million, and there are more head contents such as "princess royal Up" with 350 million+plays and "Ten Thousand Slags in the Phoenix" with 420 million+plays. According to the data of Milan, from 2021 to 2022, Aauto Quicker’s short plays TOP5 were princess royal on the Top, Remarriage, Women’s Awakening, All Slags in the Morning, My Pride and Grandfather, all of which were love themes.

The four main content tracks of Aauto Quicker Xingmang short play are urban emotion, family empathy, youth inspirational and comedy. Comparing the content creation in January-March with that in April-July, we will find that the content of urban emotion is gradually declining, and more creators tend to try youth inspirational and comedy. In addition, the family empathy track has become the focus of Aauto Quicker’s short plays, and Nian Sa, Cheng Feng, Hutong Er and The Uneven Bowl of Water are broken because they are close to users’ lives.

△ Data source: Milan Communication Consulting Video Network Communication Monitoring and Research Database Data monitoring time: January 1, 2022-August 7, 2022.

　

Tik Tok: Drama has gravity to release humanistic care.

Compared with Aauto Quicker, the short play track in Tik Tok started late. In 2021, Tik Tok launched a new plan. In June 2022, Tik Tok integrated and upgraded the original plan, and launched a drama gravity plan. According to the different types of creators, three tracks were built, namely, Dou+, Fenzhang and Drama Star. By August, 2022, there were 267 short plays on Tik Tok Platform in 2021-2022, with a wide range of themes, mainly urban, magical and emotional. # Tik Tok’s video content related to short plays has exceeded 30 billion.

△ Data monitoring time: January 1, 2022-August 7, 2022

According to the data of Milan, from 2021 to 2022, the short drama TOP5 on the Tik Tok platform was Night Diary, Confessions of an Evil Woman, My Landlord and Grandma, Your Motherhood Series 2 in the Future, and Strange Writer, which covered pension issues, doctor-patient disputes and real life pain points, and its content creation was full of humanistic care.

△ Data source: Milan Communication Consulting Video Network Communication Monitoring and Research Database Data monitoring time: January 1, 2022-August 7, 2022.

Tencent: Very theater, very aesthetic.

In December, 2021, Tencent released the Ten Theater, covering the drama content of comedy season, suspense season, national wind season, interactive season and other categories, marking the new stage of Tencent video’s exploration of the quality of micro-short dramas.

Previously, Tencent had begun to lay out mini-dramas and achieved good results. According TOP5 statistics from Milan, in 2021, the influences of Tencent’s mini-short plays were Dream, Brother, Please Follow the Script, Roll the Pinion, Give You My Exclusive Favor, The Little Fox Fairy of the General’s Family, with more than 20,000 online media reports, 303,000 mentions by Weibo and 320 million hits by Tencent.

In the short drama influence TOP5 from January to August 2022, "Please! Don’t spoil me achieved a score of 30 million+,with 1,886 articles reported by online media, 73,000 mentioned by Weibo and 460 million hits by Tencent. In addition, the sub-accounts of "Datang Snacks" exceeded 15 million, and the sub-accounts of "Wife’s Counter-offensive" and "Give You My Exclusive Favor" exceeded 10 million, all of which achieved good results.

△ Data source: Milan Communication Consulting Video Network Communication Monitoring and Research Database Data monitoring time: January 1, 2021-December 31, 2021.

△ Data source: Milan Communication Consulting Video Network Communication Monitoring and Research Database Data monitoring time: January 1, 2022-August 7, 2022.

Youku: Leading word of mouth, quantity first.

Youku launched the short drama business in 2019 and has always been a leader in word-of-mouth and commercialization. In September, 2021, Youku released a plan to boost short drama, which built a bridge of cooperation between short drama producers and major literary animation IP platforms, and participated in the project creation in the form of investment and accounting.

According to statistics from Milan, the number of short plays of Youku ranks first among the five platforms, and its quality and influence are also in the forefront. In 2021, in the TOP5 of Youku’s miniseries, Weibo mentioned 390,000 pieces of Heartbeat Love, and Weibo played it 486,000 times. From the layout to the frequent head works, and then to the new exploration of profit model, Youku has explored a development path of parallel development and integration with the industry in the long-term practice, which shows the determination of Youku platform to continue to invest in micro-short dramas.

In 2022, Youku’s short plays continued to exert their strength, adhering to the fundamental principle that content is the best quality, staying awake and insisting on content first. According to the statistics of Meilande, among the top five influential short plays of Youku in 2022, Don’t Run Wild with My Sister and I Haven’t seen the Only Daughter, all reached a high online volume, with 1,299 and 2,300 online media reports respectively, and Don’t Run Wild with My Sister reached 5 million in the first round.

It can be seen that Youku focuses on and even creates user needs in content creation, expanding sporadic explosions and fine products into normalized, characteristic and high-quality mass-produced content, creating unique advantages and forming core competitiveness. Take "The Maid of a Thousand Daughters" jointly produced by Youku and Datang Star as an example. This drama won tens of millions of points with millions of investments. The reason is that it completed a series of thoughts on users, focus and track with the platform at the creative stage. From the selling point in the early stage, the male actor Su moved to create it, and to the platform giving accurate second suggestions on drama logic and production details in the later stage, Youku has formed a set of effective micro-short dramas in the long-term exploration.

　

△ Data source: Milan Communication Consulting Video Network Communication Monitoring and Research Database Data monitoring time: January 1, 2021-December 31, 2021.

△ Data source: Milan Communication Consulting Video Network Communication Monitoring and Research Database Data monitoring time: January 1, 2022-August 7, 2022.

Mango TV: strict quality control and diverse elements.

Mango TV devotes itself to creating Damang short plays, with love women as the main theme, and sweet pet plays as the mainstream, introducing fresh elements such as script killing, infinite flow, quick wear, etc. to avoid the homogenization of similar themes. For example, suspense elements are added to "The Woman Who Can’t Raid" to strengthen the story, and the fantasy setting is added to "The Queen of the Attack" to tell the story of the routine of chasing the wife crematorium.

Different from Tencent’s sweet pet short plays, mangoes are mostly customized, and the opinions of the platform are highly weighted, and strict quality control has achieved good results. In 2022, Mango TV launched the explosion of "Ignorance", with Douban score as high as 7, and the cumulative broadcast volume was nearly 600 million in the case of basically zero announcement.

In November 2022, Damang Project Studio reached a strategic cooperation with Tomato Fiction and Minimum Aperture Film, aiming at integrating the advantages of the three parties, building an industrial chain and promoting the symbiosis and mutual benefit of high-quality literary works and film and television dramas. It is reported that the Damang Project Studio and Tomato Fiction will jointly create 10 short plays, which will be produced by Minimum Aperture Films, among which "Lost in Ignorance 2" will be included, and drama series and novels will be launched simultaneously, so that drama series and online literature will collide with each other, transform each other, and maximize the volume and value of IP.

△ Data source: Milan Communication Consulting Video Network Communication Monitoring and Research Database Data monitoring time: January 1, 2021-December 31, 2021.

△ Data source: Milan Communication Consulting Video Network Communication Monitoring and Research Database Data monitoring time: January 1, 2022-August 7, 2022.

Bilibili: The Road to Creative Brain Burning

Although bilibili was a latecomer to the short play, his main light theater showed the characteristics of differentiation from the beginning. The works in the light theater tend to be younger as a whole, and almost all the contents are highly related to the current popular culture. The creativity with wide brain holes is often used to enhance the audience’s sense of gain.

In the first season of Light Theater, the masterpiece "Night Cat Express’s Dark Night Dream" and "Catch the Horse Detective", the former was shortlisted in the official short drama competition unit of Cannes International TV Festival, which is an urban fantasy story with metaphorical style, while the latter was located in the story of sand sculpture, with a large number of movie stalks such as Infernal Affairs and New never to lose added in style, and even bilibili’s characteristic stalks such as entrance examination and invitation code appeared.

In 2022, The Studio Diary, the opening work of the second season of Light Theater, went online, and landed on the hot list of Tik Tok and Zhihu and the hot post of Douban for many times. The broadcast volume of Tik Tok topic exceeded 160 million, and the total broadcast volume of bilibili exceeded 44.598 million. Sir, I want to calculate a divination, There is a peach blossom next door, and Struggle for the Dragon’s Sky, followed closely. In only two years of exploration, bilibili’s mini-plays showed uniqueness.

　

△ Data source: Milan Communication Consulting Video Network Communication Monitoring and Research Database Data monitoring time: January 1, 2021-December 31, 2021.

△ Data source: Milan Communication Consulting Video Network Communication Monitoring and Research Database Data monitoring time: January 1, 2022-August 7, 2022.

Iqiyi: the new entrant of short play

Comparatively speaking, the micro-short drama creation of iQiyi platform is in a backward state among the five long video platforms. However, on November 10, 2022, iQiyi officially released the cooperation mode of network micro-short drama. For the upstream micro-short drama creators, a series with a single episode of 2 to 15 minutes and complete and coherent content can be launched on the iQiyi platform through the mode of member payment and accounting or CPM advertising. Among them, the content of a single episode with a duration of 2 to 10 minutes adopts CPM advertising accounting mode; For the content with a duration of 10 to 15 minutes in a single episode, the mode of member payment and accounting +CPM advertising accounting is adopted. In terms of the distribution of income from the payment of members, iQiyi continues the revenue statistics and sharing mechanism of the superposition of the new members, the effective viewing time of members and the advertising income, which have been applied in the online drama market, and at the same time opens seven-terminal data to the film. Aiqiyi’s inclusion of online miniseries in the platform accounting mode means that Aiqiyi hopes to attract more excellent content creators to produce diversified content, and the creators and viewers of miniseries will be able to achieve more fair and efficient content creation and consumption support.

The long video platform also actively seeks innovative development of drama forms with traditional satellite TV and other audio-visual platforms. For example, Tencent’s video and satellite TV resources are integrated to carry out drama reform with short band and long band, and Mango TV and Himalaya jointly launched the first domestic audio-video dual-platform simulcast short drama "The Rumor of Doctor Lu", and Youku’s multi-angle interactive short drama "When I Wake Up" is based on itself and pays attention to young positive energy users, and has made more explorations on the boundaries of micro-short dramas.

　　

　　Cctv news(Reporter Liu Liang): the State Council Press Office held a press conference on May 22nd. Vice Minister of Commerce Wang Bingnan, Vice Mayor of Beijing Municipal People’s Government wang hong, Director of Service Trade and Business Services Department of Ministry of Commerce Xian Guoyi and Director of Beijing Municipal Bureau of Commerce Yan Ligang introduced the development of China’s service trade and China International Fair for Trade in Services in 2019, and answered questions from reporters.

　　Wang Bingnan introduced at the meeting that the Beijing International Trade Fair will be held in Beijing from May 28th to June 1st. The theme of this year’s Beijing International Trade Fair is "Openness, Innovation, Wisdom and Integration". Enterprises and institutions from 130 countries and regions will hold exhibitions and discuss cooperation in 12 service trade fields. This year’s Beijing International Fair has four characteristics:

　　One isPositioning is more accurate. Giving priority to the development of service trade is an important measure to promote China’s economic transformation and upgrading and high-quality development. Facing the new situation and new tasks, it will promote the positioning of Beijing International Trade Fair. Beijing International Trade Fair is positioned as a "service trade exhibition with global influence". Focusing on this new orientation, the China (Beijing) International Service Trade Fair will be renamed as China International Fair for Trade in Services from this session. After the renaming, the Beijing International Trade Fair will devote itself to building brands, expanding its influence and leading the innovative development of global and China service trade.

　　The second isFaster frequency. Starting from this year, the Beijing International Trade Fair will be adjusted from biennial to annual, which is rare in large-scale foreign-related mechanism exhibitions other than China International Import Expo and ASEAN Expo.

　　The third isOn a larger scale. This year, the exhibition area of Beijing International Trade Fair has greatly increased from 50,000 square meters in the past to 150,000 square meters. It is also the first time to try to set up a number of sub-venues, and fully incorporate Beijing’s important landmarks and functional facilities such as CBD, Forbidden City and Financial Street into the overall resources of Beijing International Trade Fair, fully demonstrating the development characteristics and broad space of Beijing’s service industry and service trade.

　　The fourth isThe level of internationalization is higher. According to the new orientation of "global influence", the Beijing International Fair has invited a wide range of domestic and foreign political and business representatives and merchants to participate in the exhibition, which has received positive response from the international community. The number of countries and regions participating in the Beijing International Fair has greatly increased compared with the previous year, with broad international representation. A total of 21 international organizations and 130 countries and regions participated in the exhibition, among which countries and regions with the top 30 service trade volume in the world and countries that have signed service trade cooperation agreements with China will participate in the exhibition. Thailand will be the guest country of this Beijing International Fair.

　　Wang hong introduced the progress of Beijing’s preparations. She said that the 2019 Beijing International Trade Fair will focus onScience and technology, culture, health, businessAnd other service fields, and strive to play an active role in leading the global service industry and service trade in frontier concepts, advanced technologies, innovations and industry standards.

　　The conference adopted "One master and many assistants."Way, set up a main venue and 10 sub-venues, hold about 150,000 square meters of exhibitions and 236 forum meetings, including more than 100 forum meetings such as global service trade summit, international forums, industry conferences and special forums, and more than 100 negotiation and trading activities such as country promotion, provincial and municipal promotion and industry negotiation.

　　The main venue is located in the National Convention Center and the surrounding Olympic Celebration Square and Beijing International Convention Center, and the sub-venues are located in Wangfujing Commercial Street in Dongcheng, Financial Street in Xicheng, CBD in Chaoyang, Zhongguancun in Haidian, Shougang Park in Shijingshan, Beijing City Sub-center in Tongzhou, Huitian District in Changping, Jing ‘anzhuang Pavilion in China International Exhibition Center, Shunyi New Pavilion and Palace Museum.

　　Wang hong said that up to now, the preparations for this Beijing International Fair are progressing smoothly. Ninety-eight of the 131 countries that signed the "One Belt, One Road" cooperation document with China participated in the exhibition.

　　Thirty-one provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, five cities with separate plans and Shenyang participated in the exhibition, and Fujian Province was the guest province of this Beijing International Fair.

　　It has been confirmed that three former foreign politicians, 12 heads of international organizations and foreign ministerial guests attended the meeting, and one academician of the European Academy of Sciences, four academicians of the China Academy of Engineering, two academicians of the China Academy of Sciences and more than 300 well-known experts, scholars and entrepreneurs attended the meeting and delivered speeches.

　　At present, a total of 7,998 enterprises and institutions participated in the exhibition, including 1,690 exhibitors and 6,308 participants. Among these enterprises, there are 614 multinational companies and well-known enterprises in the industry and 63 Fortune 500 companies. In addition, there will be 36,000 merchants and representatives, more than 150 media and more than 500 media reporters.

　　The 2019 Beijing International Trade Fair is about to kick off, and we look forward to this wonderful service trade event to promote high-level cooperation and development of international service trade.

● Improving the quality of China-Europe international supply chain alliance will cooperate in four aspects: promoting the high-quality operation of China-Europe trains, connecting different tracks, integrating documents and property rights, and developing multimodal transport by land, sea and air.

● Incrementally build an open logistics channel connecting China Unicom inland, radiating South Asia and Southeast Asia, and rely on the "Sichuan" train in 2021 to promote the construction of a new international trade pattern of "buying Sichuan and selling the whole world"

Chengdu international trains have accumulated more than 10,000 trains, ranking first in the country for four consecutive years. Next, how to deepen high-quality development? Recently, the third "Asia-Europe" Global Partner Conference held in Chengdu gave the answer.

Upgrading   International supply chain alliance shares dividends

What is a supply chain? "I personally understand that all of you present at today’s meeting are from banks, foreign trade enterprises, foreign railways, railway stations, governments, customs, etc., and are a supply chain service system of China-Europe trains." Zhang Xu, deputy general manager of Chengdu International Railway Port Investment Development Co., Ltd. believes that an important direction for the future development of China-Europe trains is the supply chain.

At the conference site, the China-Europe International Supply Chain Alliance was formally established. The alliance, in conjunction with the Trans-Eurasian International Transport Coordination Committee and china international freight forwarders association, organized international railway organizers such as Korea Railway Corporation, Chengdu Customs, freight forwarders, financial services institutions, Chongqing, Xi ‘an and other major domestic China-Europe train operators to carry out pragmatic cooperation in four aspects: promoting the high-quality operation of China-Europe trains, connecting different tracks, integrating documents and property rights, and developing multimodal transport by land, sea and air.

"The establishment of the alliance will accelerate the spillover effect of the channel." Ji Shouwen, a professor and doctoral supervisor at Beijing Jiaotong University, said that the National Development and Reform Commission’s "Research on the High-quality Development Ideas of China-Europe Trains" was the project leader.

How to reflect the spillover effect? Ji Shouwen pointed out that China-Europe trains promote the innovation of international supply chain operation mode, and mainly form three service chains: "train+park", "train+industry" and "train+trade".

Among them, the "train+park" service chain is based on the train, building various logistics industrial parks at home and abroad, and promoting the agglomeration of resource elements in the park. "CEIBS (Chengdu) promotes the transformation of Qingbaijiang old industrial zone into a’ smart industry city’ and develops three leading industries, namely’ basic smart industry, smart manufacturing industry and smart service industry’. It is estimated that the output value will reach 80 billion yuan in 2025." Ji Shouwen introduced that the "train+industry" service chain attracts advanced manufacturing and scarce resource processing industries to settle in cities, and at the same time promotes the "Belt and Road" international capacity cooperation. "Siemens’ second digital factory outside Chengdu is proof." He pointed out that the "train+trade" service chain can promote the development of international trade of featured products and promote the construction of regional international trade centers and cross-border e-commerce trading centers.

Increment   Accelerated expansion of international and domestic markets

"In the first three quarters of this year, ASEAN has become China’s largest trading partner. With the completion of China-Laos Railway in 2021, the China-Myanmar Railway has been accelerated. It is expected that it will reach Vientiane, Laos and Yangon, Myanmar in the fastest three days, radiating ASEAN and the market space of China-Europe train (Chengdu) will also be further expanded." At the conference site, the relevant person in charge of Chengdu International Railway Port Management Committee is highly looking forward to the future development.

How to seize the opportunity?

On the same day, Chengdu International Railway Port Investment and Development Co., Ltd., Yunnan Intercontinental Train Logistics Co., Ltd. and Laos Moding Special Economic Zone Development Group Co., Ltd. joined hands to sign a strategic cooperation agreement: jointly build a southbound railway intermodal passage, create an open logistics passage connecting the inland, radiating South Asia and Southeast Asia, and promote economic and trade exchanges between Sichuan, Laos and Myanmar. In the future, the three parties will further build an integrated multimodal transport information platform, support and promote the docking of logistics information systems, realize the service functions of railway maintenance and inquiry, and accelerate the integrated development.

In addition, representatives from 12 cities (states) including Luzhou, Ziyang, Deyang and Guangyuan jointly started the "Sichuan" train in 2021. "The origin of the China-Europe train’ Sichuan’ will promote the construction of a new international trade pattern of" buying Sichuan and selling the whole world "." Zheng Quanfeng, director of Chengdu International Railway Port Management Committee, said.

According to the statistics of Chengdu International Railway Port, China-Europe trains (Chengdu) have accumulated more than 6,000 trains, driving the province’s import and export trade by more than 10 billion US dollars annually, serving more than 10,000 domestic and foreign enterprises, and the degree of integration with local industries is as high as 67%. (Reporter   Chen Hao   Chen Bihong)

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has always attached great importance to the work concerning agriculture, countryside and farmers, and made overall arrangements for accelerating the construction of an agricultural power in the Party’s Report to the 20th CPC National Congress. At the Central Rural Work Conference held at the end of last year, he systematically expounded a series of major theoretical and practical issues in building an agricultural power. Heilongjiang thoroughly implements the spirit of the important speech of the Supreme Leader General Secretary, resolutely shoulders the mission responsibility of being a big agricultural province and a big grain province, accelerates the construction of a strong agricultural province, and strives to play a leading role in the construction of a strong agricultural country.

　　Agricultural power is the foundation of socialist modernization power.

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "Without an agricultural power, there would be no whole modern power; Without agricultural and rural modernization, socialist modernization is incomplete. " Building an agricultural power, carrying the dream of national rejuvenation, building the foundation of national prosperity, and embodying the responsibility of building a community of human destiny. We must strengthen our historical self-confidence, enhance our historical initiative, and forge ahead courageously towards the goal of building an agricultural power.

　　A strong country must first strengthen agriculture, and a strong agriculture can strengthen the country. China is a country with a large population and a large agricultural country, and building an agricultural power is an ideal vision for the Chinese nation to inherit the Millennium. In the new era, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core insists on solving the "three rural issues" as the top priority of the whole party’s work, and continues to focus on strengthening agriculture and benefiting farmers, which has historically solved the problem of absolute poverty and created a miracle in the history of human poverty reduction. We are closer to the bright future of an agricultural power than at any time in history. After more than 70 years of development and construction, Heilongjiang has achieved a historical change from "Great Northern Wilderness" to "Great Northern Warehouse". We should base ourselves on resource endowment, give full play to our comparative advantages, accelerate the modernization of agriculture and rural areas, and promote the dream of becoming a strong agricultural country to become a beautiful reality.

　　If agriculture is stable, the world will be safe, and if agriculture is prosperous, the foundation will be solid. Food security is "the biggest country", and no powerful country has ever relied on others to solve the problem of eating. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has established a national food security strategy, formed a new concept of food security, and led more than 1.4 billion people in China out of a road of food security with China characteristics. The great changes in the world in the past century have accelerated the evolution, and various uncertain and unpredictable factors have obviously increased. We should not be careless about the food security issue. The total grain output of Heilongjiang in 2022 was 155.26 billion Jin, accounting for 11.3% of the country, ranking first in the country for 13 consecutive years. We must persist in taking a variety of grains and planting good grains as the top priority and be the most stable, reliable and solid "big granary" of the country.

　　The country is prosperous when the countryside is prosperous, and the country is rich when the farmers are rich. The countryside is not only the spatial carrier of agricultural production, but also the homeland where farmers were born and raised in Sri Lanka. At present, the overall income level of farmers is not high, rural infrastructure and public services lag behind cities, and the most arduous and arduous task of building a socialist modern country in an all-round way is still in the countryside. We must vigorously promote rural revitalization, realize that rural areas have modern living conditions, and farmers can develop in an all-round way and live a richer and better life. We must always give priority to the development of agriculture and rural areas, promote agricultural modernization and rural modernization as a whole, and speed up the construction of livable and suitable businesses and beautiful villages.

　　Adhere to the characteristics of China and firmly follow your own path. To build an agricultural power, we should not only follow the general law of agricultural modernization, but also reflect the common characteristics of strong supply guarantee, strong scientific and technological equipment, strong management system, strong industrial toughness and strong competitiveness. We should also proceed from China’s national conditions, base ourselves on the resource endowment with a large population and a small land, the historical background of agricultural civilization and the requirements of the times of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, and unswervingly follow the road of becoming an agricultural power with China characteristics. Heilongjiang is rich in agricultural resources and excellent in ecological environment, and it has a unique solid foundation and favorable conditions to realize agricultural modernization. We should implement the spirit of the 20th Party Congress and the Central Rural Work Conference, firmly grasp the connotation, characteristics and basic requirements of building an agricultural power, anchor the goal of building an agricultural power, earnestly do a good job in agricultural and rural work, and actively explore, be brave in practice and blaze a new trail in building an agricultural power.

　　Make greater contributions to accelerating the construction of an agricultural power.

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has always been concerned about Heilongjiang and black land, demanding that we strive to be the vanguard of agricultural modernization and the "ballast stone" for safeguarding national food security. We should bear in mind the important instructions and earnest entrustment of the Supreme Leader General Secretary, speed up the construction of a strong agricultural province, and strive to take the lead in breaking through, setting an example and being a good vanguard in the construction of a strong agricultural country.

　　Vigorously implement the action of improving grain production capacity. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "Ensuring the stable and safe supply of grain and important agricultural products has always been the top priority in building an agricultural power." As an important commodity grain base and grain strategic reserve base in China, Heilongjiang must strengthen its sense of sharing worries for the party and growing grain for the country, and resolutely be a "ballast stone" for safeguarding national food security. We must adhere to the responsibility of the party and the government for food security, implement the income guarantee mechanism for grain farmers and the interest compensation mechanism for major producing areas, and protect and mobilize farmers’ enthusiasm for growing grain and grasping grain at the grassroots level. We will fully implement the plan to increase production of 10 million tons of grain, and provide strong support for the new round of national action to increase grain production capacity by 100 billion Jin. Strengthen the protection and utilization of cultivated land in black soil and improve water conservancy facilities. In-depth implementation of high-quality grain projects, giving full play to the role of domestic high-protein soybeans as the main force in planting, and building a national strategic support base for japonica rice rations and a production base for high-quality corn and soybeans with high standards, so as to make greater contributions to a more confident and safer "China Grain".

　　Vigorously implement the practice of the big food concept. The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "We must establish a big food concept, build a diversified food supply system, and develop food sources in multiple ways." With a forest area of 210,000 square kilometers, there are more than 6,000 natural lakes and more than 100 kinds of wild fish in Heilongjiang, which is rich in material resources for agricultural production and has a huge space for the practice of the concept of big food. We should expand the scale of economic land under forests in an orderly manner, develop and strengthen leading forest food enterprises, extend the industrial chain and build an ecological forest food supply base. Vigorously develop cold-water fishery breeding and processing, and build a production and supply base for cold-water fish products. Adhere to the two-wheel drive of facility agriculture and open field planting, improve the scale and standardization level of facility agriculture, and build a fruit and vegetable production base in cold regions. Accelerate the development of modern animal husbandry, do a good job in fine edible fungi industry, enlarge and strengthen the biological industry, and promote the expansion of food sources from traditional crops and livestock and poultry resources to richer biological resources.

　　Vigorously implement the action of revitalizing modern agriculture. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "Industrial revitalization is the top priority of rural revitalization". Heilongjiang is the province with the largest land management area of moderate scale, reaching 147 million mu. The comprehensive mechanization rate of crop cultivation and harvest is stable above 98%, the planting area of main crops is 87%, and the contribution rate of agricultural scientific and technological progress reaches 69.5%. The development of modern agriculture has a solid material and technological foundation. We should vigorously develop science and technology agriculture, green agriculture, quality agriculture and brand agriculture, speed up the construction of modern agricultural industrial system, production system and management system, and constantly improve the overall quality and competitiveness of agricultural industry. Develop science and technology agriculture with the support of technological innovation, strengthen the construction of Jiamusi national agricultural high-tech industrial demonstration zone, modern agricultural industrial technology collaborative innovation promotion system and agricultural science and technology demonstration base, promote the deep integration development of "digital+biology+agriculture", strengthen the scientific and technological innovation of seed industry, build a provincial digital agriculture platform, build a national digital agriculture demonstration zone, actively promote modern equipment such as agricultural machinery intelligent monitoring terminals and high-powered tractors, and strive for a national high-end intelligent agricultural machinery equipment promotion and application pilot zone. Relying on ecological advantages, we will develop green agriculture, vigorously promote green standardized production, steadily expand the certified area of green organic food, and build the largest green granary and green kitchen in China. Develop quality agriculture on the basis of standardized production, improve the local agricultural standard system, and strengthen food safety and quality and safety supervision of agricultural products.Construct the whole traceability system from farmland to dining table. Take marketing as the driving force to develop brand agriculture, carry out agricultural brand promotion actions, strengthen brand promotion, further amplify the brand influence of "black soil excellent products" and let the people of the whole country eat better, greener and safer Longjiang food.

　　Vigorously implement rural construction actions. The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "It is the proper meaning of a strong agricultural country to build a livable and beautiful countryside." Realizing that rural areas basically have modern living conditions is an important deployment made by the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, and it is also an inevitable requirement for improving the quality of life of rural residents and keeping people in rural areas. The task of realizing rural modernization in Heilongjiang Province is still arduous. We should carry out rural construction in depth, adhere to county-level overall planning, promote full coverage of village planning, and scientifically determine village layout and construction boundaries. Accelerate the construction of infrastructure such as roads, electricity, communications and logistics, and public service facilities such as epidemic prevention, old-age care and education, improve the capacity and level of rural health care services, and continuously improve the completeness of rural infrastructure, the convenience of public services and the comfort of human settlements. We will carry out actions to rectify rural human settlements, focus on rural "toilet revolution", domestic sewage treatment and domestic garbage treatment, carry out demonstration and creation of beautiful and livable villages, and gradually improve rural production and living conditions. Adhere to party building to lead rural governance, and improve the rural governance system that combines autonomy, rule of law and rule of virtue under the leadership of party organizations. Strengthen the construction of spiritual civilization in rural areas, and carry forward the rural customs and folk customs of caring for relatives and neighbors, mutual help, honesty and courtesy.

　　Vigorously implement the action of increasing farmers’ income. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "We must persist in increasing farmers’ income as ‘ Agriculture, countryside and farmers ’ The central task of the work is to do everything possible to broaden the channels for farmers to increase their income and get rich. " Heilongjiang is rich in agricultural and rural characteristic resources, which has a good foundation for developing rural industries to enrich the people. We should do a good job of "the head of the grain eats the tail" and "the head of the farmer works the tail", do a good job of "local products", improve the mechanism of linking agriculture with agriculture, promote the integrated development of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries, and leave more value-added income in the countryside and farmers. Develop a new rural collective economy and give farmers more adequate property rights and interests. Encourage and support farmers’ entrepreneurial innovation and increase farmers’ wage income. Continue to consolidate and expand the achievements of poverty alleviation, promote the sustained and stable income increase of the poverty-stricken population, and never let one person fall behind on the road to common prosperity.

　　Gather resources to accelerate the construction of an agricultural power.

　　The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "The key to running rural affairs well and realizing rural revitalization lies in the party." Accelerating the construction of an agricultural power involves many industries, wide fields and large groups. We must uphold and strengthen the Party’s overall leadership over the work concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers, pool the resources of the whole society, and promote the steady and far-reaching construction of an agricultural power.

　　Improve the implementation mechanism of the party’s overall leadership. Give full play to the role of the Party in overall planning and coordinating all parties, adhere to the five-level secretary in rural revitalization, and the county party secretary should be a "front-line commander in chief", and establish a mechanism for leadership responsibility, work promotion, supervision and inspection, assessment and evaluation, so as to ensure that the decision-making and deployment of the CPC Central Committee are effective. Strengthen the education and training of cadres on the agricultural front, thoroughly understand the important exposition of the Supreme Leader General Secretary on the work of agriculture, rural areas and farmers, improve the level of policy theory, and become an expert in leading the work of agriculture, rural areas and farmers. Strengthen the construction of grass-roots party organizations in rural areas, send and make good use of the first secretary and task force in the village, and build a strong fighting fortress to effectively realize the party’s leadership.

　　Improve the talent support mechanism. Talent is the most precious resource and the basic and strategic support for accelerating the construction of an agricultural power. Adhere to the combination of local training and external introduction, encourage talents to flow to the countryside, and attract graduates from institutions of higher learning and vocational schools, migrant workers who go out to do business, urban retirees, etc. Open up the service channels for talents from urban education, science and technology, culture, health and other industries to go to the countryside, build a volunteer service platform, establish and improve the mechanism of talent training and exchange and cooperation between urban and rural areas, regions and schools, and attract more talents to join the practice of building a strong agricultural country.

　　Improve the input guarantee mechanism. Building a strong agricultural country requires strong policy guidance and capital investment. Give play to the role of financial priority guarantee, improve the long-term mechanism of overall planning and integration of agricultural funds, and improve the efficiency of the use of financial funds. Develop rural inclusive finance, innovate financial products and services, and promote the "agricultural big data+finance" supporting agriculture model. We will improve the linkage mechanism between government investment and financial and social investment, encourage and guide social capital to invest in agriculture and rural areas, set up rural revitalization funds, and support rural industrial development and public infrastructure construction.

　　Improve the mechanism of extensive participation of the whole society. Building a strong agricultural country is the common cause of the whole society. Vigorously publicize the principles, policies and strategic arrangements of the CPC Central Committee on building an agricultural power, give play to the decision-making advisory role of think tanks and experts and scholars, strengthen the theoretical and policy research on agricultural power and agricultural and rural modernization, and create a good public opinion atmosphere of emphasizing agriculture and strengthening agriculture. In-depth implementation of the "ten thousand enterprises prosper ten thousand villages" action, mobilize state-owned enterprises, non-public enterprises, universities, research institutes, industry associations (chambers of commerce), volunteer service teams and other forces to participate in supporting the construction of a strong agricultural country.

CCTV News:On March 30th, the website of the National Health Insurance Bureau exposed 10 typical cases of illegal use of medical insurance funds by designated retail pharmacies. It involves the settlement of medical insurance expenses for non-medical insurance designated retail pharmacies, the exchange of drugs and health care products outside the medical insurance catalogue with drugs in the medical insurance catalogue for settlement, the issuance of false drug purchase documents to cash back the insured, and the inconsistency of drug purchase, sale and storage data. The above-mentioned illegal acts caused the loss of medical insurance fund and harmed the vital interests of the majority of insured people. Designated retail pharmacies should strictly abide by the relevant laws, regulations and rules of medical insurance. The medical security department should crack down on illegal activities such as fraudulent insurance in designated retail pharmacies through daily supervision, on-site inspection, intelligent monitoring and big data analysis in accordance with the law, improve the efficiency of the use of medical insurance funds, and better protect the rights and interests of the majority of insured personnel.

1. Case of illegal use of medical insurance fund by Inner Mongolia Ruichen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

In August 2021, the Medical Security Bureau of Hohhot City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region received a report clue, reflecting that Inner Mongolia Ruichen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. was suspected of illegally using the medical insurance fund. By collecting the sales records from January to July, 2021 and the data uploaded by the medical insurance system, the inspectors found that some drugs (such as Erding Granules, Huangqijing Granules, Shiquan Dabu Ointment, Qihu Hawthorn Granules, etc.) in the pharmacy were inconsistent in purchase, sale and storage, and the medical insurance fund was overcharged by 23,004.50 yuan. According to the "Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of the Use of Medical Insurance Funds", the results of the local medical insurance department are as follows: 1. Recover the medical insurance funds illegally used by the pharmacy and impose a fine of 2 times the illegal amount; 2. Interview the person in charge of the pharmacy and order it to be rectified within a time limit, and make irregular return visits to check the rectification of the pharmacy to ensure that the rectification is implemented. At present, the lost medical insurance fund of 23,004.50 yuan has been fully recovered, and the administrative fine of 46,009.00 yuan has been fully paid.

2. The case of illegal use of medical insurance fund by Tiedong Branch of Chengxin Yonghong Pharmacy Chain Co., Ltd. in Siping City, Jilin Province

In February, 2021, the Medical Insurance Bureau of Siping City, Jilin Province received the "Audit Transfer Handling Letter of the Audit Office of Jilin Province on the Issue of Taking Medical Insurance Fund from Tiedong Branch of Siping Chengxin Yonghong Pharmacy Chain Co., Ltd.", and the Siping Medical Insurance Bureau and Siping Audit Bureau formed a joint investigation team to seriously investigate and verify the situation reflected in the transfer handling letter. After investigation, there were some problems in the pharmacy, such as the untimely maintenance of drugs in the medical insurance catalogue and the replacement of drugs outside the medical insurance catalogue with drugs in the catalogue, resulting in the loss of medical insurance fund of 147,044.32 yuan. According to the Service Agreement of Designated Drugstore of Jilin Province’s Basic Medical Insurance in 2020, the local medical insurance department handled the following results: 1. Recover the loss of medical insurance fund caused by the pharmacy, refuse to pay all the deposit and reserve fund of the pharmacy of 882,343.09 yuan, and refuse to pay all the unsettled medical insurance fund of 794,973.05 yuan; 2. Dissolve the medical insurance service agreement of the pharmacy, and you may not apply for medical insurance within three years. At present, the lost medical insurance fund of 147,044.32 yuan has been fully recovered.

3. The case of illegal use of medical insurance fund by Huolong Store of Nantong Jianghai Pharmacy Chain Co., Ltd., Nantong City, Jiangsu Province

In March 2022, the Medical Security Bureau of Haimen District, Nantong City, Jiangsu Province discovered through remote video surveillance that there was a violation of the rules of drug exchange in the Cargo Long Store of Nantong Jianghai Pharmacy Chain Co., Ltd. Upon verification, the Cargo Long Store of Nantong Jianghai Pharmacy Chain Co., Ltd. has empty medical insurance cards to withdraw cash, swiping medical insurance cards for non-designated pharmacies, dispensing medicines with people’s certificates and other acts in violation of medical insurance regulations, involving the illegal use of medical insurance funds of 13,564.58 yuan. According to the Service Agreement of Nantong Basic Medical Insurance Designated Retail Pharmacy, the local medical insurance department handled the following results: 1. Recover the medical insurance fund illegally used by the pharmacy of 13,564.58 yuan, and deduct the penalty of 35,000.00 yuan; 2. Dissolve the medical insurance service agreement of the pharmacy, and you may not apply for medical insurance within three years; 3. Deduct 40 points from the institutional credit score of the pharmacy in 2022. At present, the lost medical insurance fund of 13,564.58 yuan and the liquidated damages of 35,000.00 yuan have all been recovered.

4. The case of illegal use of medical insurance fund by Shengde Pharmacy in Xinyu City, Jiangxi Province

In March, 2022, Xinyu Medical Security Bureau of Jiangxi Province and the Municipal Market Supervision Administration conducted an on-site inspection of the use of medical insurance funds by 30 designated retail pharmacies in the city from January, 2020 to November, 2021, and found that Xinyu Shengde Pharmacy was suspected of illegally using medical insurance funds. After verification, the pharmacy has the following violations: (1) brushing medical insurance cards for non-medical insurance designated pharmacies; Incorporate Chinese herbal pieces that cannot be paid by single taste into the medical insurance fund for settlement; The actual sales quantity of some drugs is less than the medical insurance bookkeeping quantity; Swap drugs and health care products outside the medical insurance catalogue into drugs in the medical insurance catalogue for settlement; Illegal settlement is limited to illegal activities such as the use of drugs for work-related injuries. The above acts involved illegal use of the medical insurance fund of 47,570.40 yuan. According to the Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of the Use of Medical Insurance Funds, the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Administrative Punishment Discretion in the Supervision of Medical Insurance Funds in Jiangxi Province (for Trial Implementation) and the Service Agreement of Designated Retail Drugstore of Medical Insurance in Xinyu City, the results of the local medical insurance department are as follows: 1. Recover the medical insurance funds illegally used by the pharmacy; 2. An administrative fine of 100,306.35 yuan was imposed on the pharmacy for defrauding the medical insurance fund of 22,290.30 yuan, and an administrative fine of 45,504.18 yuan was imposed on other general violations of 25,280.10 yuan, totaling 145,810.53 yuan; 3. Dissolve the designated service agreement of medical insurance in this pharmacy, and no longer accept its designated application for medical insurance within three years from the date of issuing the document. At present, the lost medical insurance fund of 47,570.40 yuan has been fully recovered.The administrative fine of 145,810.53 yuan has been paid in full.

V. Case of illegal use of medical insurance fund by Jishou Renmin North Road Branch of Yifeng Pharmacy Chain Co., Ltd. in Xiangxi, Hunan Province

In 2021, Hunan Xiangxi Medical Insurance Bureau found in daily inspection that Yifeng Pharmacy Chain Co., Ltd. Jishou Renmin North Road Branch had the problem of illegal drug expense settlement. Through data comparison, the inspectors found that during the period from January 1 to April 30, 2021, some drugs (such as vinegar corydalis yanhusuo, licorice tablets, acacia flowers, etc.) had no sales records and no inventory, but the actual reimbursement amount in the medical insurance system was 76,794.67 yuan. According to the "Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of the Use of Medical Insurance Funds", the local medical insurance department handled the following results: 1. Ordered the pharmacy to return the illegally used medical insurance funds, and imposed a fine of 1 times the loss of the medical insurance funds; 2, ordered the pharmacy rectification within a time limit. At present, the lost medical insurance fund of 76,794.67 yuan has been fully recovered, and the administrative fine of 76,794.67 yuan has been fully paid.

Six, Chongqing Kaizhou District Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. illegal use of medical insurance fund case.

In December, 2021, during the daily inspection of designated medical institutions, Chongqing Kaizhou District Medical Security Bureau found that four designated retail pharmacies, including Kaizhou Pharmacy Drug Supermarket, Kaizhou Pharmacy Drug Supermarket Jiulong Road No.2 Store, Kaizhou Pharmacy Supermarket Zhaojiadian and Kaizhou Pharmacy Drug Supermarket Ankang Street Store, were suspected of taking employee medical insurance personal account funds for the insured. After investigation, four designated retail pharmacies under Chongqing Kaizhou Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. took advantage of their units to purchase epidemic prevention materials, used their employees’ personal medical insurance accounts for settlement, and then issued tax bills in the name of their units and returned them to their units for reimbursement. There were irregularities in taking employees’ personal medical insurance account funds, involving the amount of employees’ personal medical insurance accounts of 14,869.90 yuan. According to the "Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of the Use of Medical Insurance Funds", the local medical insurance department handled the results as follows: 1. Ordered the four designated retail pharmacies involved in the case to return the medical insurance funds illegally used, and imposed a fine of 1 times the illegal amount; 2. Order the company to strengthen the publicity of medical insurance policies, conduct self-examination and rectification on the relevant problems existing in this inspection, and form a written report; 3. Five insured persons involved in the case did not understand the policy of medical insurance fund, so they gave warning education. At present, the lost medical insurance fund of 14,869.90 yuan has been fully recovered, and the administrative fine of 14,869.90 yuan has been fully paid.

7. The case of illegal use of medical insurance fund by people’s pharmacy in Haicheng District, Beihai City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.

In February 2021, the Medical Security Bureau of Beihai City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region received a report clue, reflecting that the people’s pharmacy in Haicheng District of Beihai City was suspected of illegally using the medical insurance fund. After investigation, the pharmacy has forged false vouchers to exchange cash, placed illegal items and other violations, involving the illegal use of medical insurance funds of 71,847.05 yuan. According to the Service Agreement of Designated Retail Pharmacy for Employees’ Basic Medical Insurance in Beihai City (Monomer in 2020) and other relevant regulations, the results of the local medical insurance department are as follows: 1. Deduct the medical insurance fee of 71,847.05 yuan in the month when the pharmacy violated the regulations, and announce the violations of the pharmacy to the public; 2. Cancel the designated service agreement of medical insurance in this pharmacy, and no longer accept its designated application for medical insurance within three years. At present, the illegal use of medical insurance funds of 71,847.05 yuan has been fully recovered.

8. The case of illegal use of medical insurance fund by Wuhaotang Pharmacy in duyun city, Qiannan Prefecture, Guizhou Province.

In September, 2021, duyun city Medical Security Bureau in Qiannan Prefecture, Guizhou Province, found that Wuhaotang Pharmacy in duyun city was suspected of using medical insurance funds in violation of regulations. Investigators from duyun city Medical Insurance Bureau in Qiannan Prefecture found that there were many abnormal cases of large medical insurance card settlement in this pharmacy. Investigate and verify suspicious clues by collecting the data of pharmacy sales system, interviewing the person in charge of relevant designated retail pharmacies, and returning to the insured by telephone. After verification, the pharmacy provided medical insurance settlement for medical expenses incurred by five people, including Xiong Moumou, who was treated in a dental clinic in Duyun, involving a medical insurance fund totaling 41,880.00 yuan. According to the Service Agreement of Designated Retail Drugstore for Medical Security in Qiannan Prefecture and the Implementation Plan of duyun city on Carrying out Medical Insurance Credit Rating of Designated Medical Institutions, the local medical insurance department handled the results as follows: 1. Deducting the pharmacy’s illegal use of medical insurance fund of 41,880.00 yuan, and paying 2.5 times of liquidated damages, with the total deduction and liquidated damages of 146,580.00 yuan, which have all been returned to the medical insurance fund account; 2. From November 2, 2021, the medical insurance service agreement of this pharmacy will be dissolved and its violation will be announced to the public, and it will be included in the blacklist management of medical insurance credit rating; 3. Incorporate the legal representative and pharmacy manager of the pharmacy into the list of medical insurance untrustworthy persons; 4. Transfer the violation of the dental clinic involved to the local health department for handling.

9. The case of illegal use of medical insurance fund by Hongyan Pharmacy in Shannan City, Xizang Autonomous Region

In April, 2022, the Medical Security Bureau of Shannan City, Xizang Autonomous Region found that there was a phenomenon of "one person swiping cards continuously" in Hongyan Pharmacy in Shannan City. In June, 2022, Shannan Medical Insurance Bureau initiated an investigation into the illegal settlement of medical insurance fund by Hongyan Pharmacy. After investigation, Hongyan Pharmacy has fraudulent behaviors of swindling medicines and fictitious medical services, swindling the purchase of local products, health care products and other consumer goods into medicines and swiping medical insurance vouchers for settlement, and at the same time, there are illegal behaviors such as medical insurance vouchers for insured persons staying in the store and swiping cards regularly every day, involving medical insurance funds totaling 102,625.00 yuan. According to "People’s Republic of China (PRC) Social Insurance Law" and "Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of the Use of Medical Insurance Funds", the results of the local medical insurance department are as follows: 1. Order the pharmacy to return the defrauded medical insurance fund and impose a fine of 205,250.00 yuan twice the amount defrauded; 2. Suspend the medical services used by the medical insurance fund in this pharmacy for 6 months. At present, the lost medical insurance fund of 102,625.00 yuan has been fully recovered, and the twice administrative fine of 205,250.00 yuan has been fully paid.

X. Case of illegal use of medical insurance fund in a branch of Tiancheng Pharmacy, Karamay City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

In July 2022, the Medical Security Bureau of Karamay City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region received a report clue, reflecting that a branch of Tiancheng Pharmacy in Karamay City was suspected of illegally using medical insurance funds. Verified by the Medical Insurance Bureau of Karamay District, Karamay City, the pharmacy has illegal behaviors such as swapping drugs, issuing false drug purchase documents to provide cash back for insured persons, involving illegal use of medical insurance funds of 155,775.69 yuan. According to the "Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of the Use of Medical Insurance Funds", the results of the local medical insurance department are as follows: 1. Recover the medical insurance funds illegally used by the pharmacy and impose a fine of 2 times the illegal amount; 2, ordered the pharmacy rectification within a time limit. At present, the lost medical insurance fund of 155,775.69 yuan has been fully recovered, and the administrative fine of 311,551.38 yuan has been fully paid.

Yesterday, a central delegation headed by The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) of the Communist Party of China and Yu Zhengsheng, President of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, arrived in Lhasa by special plane to participate in the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the founding of Xizang Autonomous Region. On the same day, the front page of Tibet Daily reported that the party committee and government of Xizang Autonomous Region held a grand ceremony to unveil the portraits of five leaders and raise the national flag in the party and government compound of the autonomous region. Since then, the huge portrait of the leaders of the Tibetan party and government compound has changed from four leaders to five today. Upolitics, a WeChat public account, has combed the tradition of hanging portraits of leaders in Xizang Autonomous Region, and quoted Ba Pingcuo, the former director of the Tibet People’s Congress, as saying that it is a natural thing for Tibet to send portraits of leaders, which is a unique way in Tibet and has a historical tradition.

The following is the original article:

On the eve of the 50th anniversary of the founding of Xizang Autonomous Region, the Party Committee and Government of Xizang Autonomous Region held a grand ceremony to unveil the portraits of five leaders and raise the national flag in the Party and Government Courtyard of the autonomous region.

Since then, the huge portrait of the leaders of the Tibetan party and government compound has changed from four leaders to five today.

The news was published at the bottom of the front page of Tibet Daily on September 6th. The headline on the front page is Xinhua News Agency’s long article "Writing a New Chapter in the Snow Plateau Chinese Dream-A Documentary Report of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader Comrade as the General Secretary Concerned about Tibet’s Development".

Zheng Zhi Xiao Bian clearly remembers that three and a half years ago, on the morning of New Year’s Eve in 2012, there was already an unveiling of a portrait of a leader, but that time it was four leaders.

The former director of the Tibet People’s Congress told Ba Pingcuo four years ago that it is a natural thing for Tibet to send portraits of leaders, which is a unique way in Tibet and has a historical tradition.

What is this tradition?

Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping.

Up to now, many Tibetans have hung Mao Zedong statues in conspicuous places in their houses, covered with Hada. Most of the portraits were made in the 1960s and 1970s, and there were many new prints. Because Mao Zedong liberated Tibet and made serfs turn over, it held a high position in the hearts of Tibetans.

Zanan, the county magistrate of Bange County, Tibet, once said that there was a herdsman in the county who was good at painting. In 1955, a rare snowstorm occurred in Naqu. Under the leadership of communist party, the disaster area in Naqu actively resisted the disaster, and the loss was minimized. No one died because of the disaster. The painter painted a picture of a herdsman prostrating himself to the statue of Mao Zedong standing on the snowy grassland.

日喀则拉孜县著名的藏刀艺人次登家里只供奉毛泽东像，平时他也不去转经、朝佛。在次登看来，真正改变他命运的是“毛主席”。他说：“我们铁匠以前在西藏是地位最低的，被称为‘黑骨头’，毛主席解放了我们，让我们翻了身，我打心眼里感激他。”

改革开放后，很多人家中的画像增加了邓小平，一般都是一人一张画像，两张挂在房屋显眼处。

和平解放50周年起“三人同框”

2001年7月，是西藏和平解放50周年。时任中共中央政治局常委、国家副主席的胡锦涛作为中央代表团团长来到西藏，看望藏族农牧民。他给看望的两家农户赠送了毛泽东、邓小平、江泽民三代领导人的画像，还各送给他们一台彩色电视机。

2002年5月5日，“劲隆摩托勇攀珠峰”大部队到达了定日，也是到达珠峰大本营的最后一个休息站。队员们在定日县一普通藏民家庭墙上发现，有三代领导人同框的画像，毛、邓、江的头像从上到下依次排列，左下有一个天安门城楼图案。

同年7月，还有日喀则地区江孜县奴堆村的普尺以胡锦涛带来的画像为蓝本，制作了领导人唐卡挂在家中。

4年后，2005年是西藏自治区成立40周年，当时也发放了三代领导人的画像。政知道小编注意到，两次画像除了背景颜色略有不同外，并没有显著变化。

陈全国到藏后推广4人画像

2011年是西藏和平解放60周年，陈全国到任西藏自治区党委书记后半年左右，选择在2012年除夕在政府大院举行领袖像揭幕暨升国旗仪式。活动旨在激励西藏各族干部群众铭记以毛泽东、邓小平、江泽民为核心的党的三代中央领导集体和以胡锦涛为总书记的党中央的亲切关怀和中国共产党对西藏人民的似海深情，进而凝聚起推进跨越式发展和长治久安的强大合力，以优异成绩迎接中共十八大胜利召开。

较之前的版本，邓换了一张侧左脸的照片，江的照片换了一张没有露齿的微笑大头照，4人画像背景左上角加了五星红旗的元素，左下角在天安门城楼的基础上，增加了群众欢庆的场景。

西藏自治区主席白玛赤林当时在在仪式上说，全区各族人民群众和广大僧尼将中央代表团赠送的毛泽东同志、邓小平同志、江泽民同志和胡锦涛总书记的领袖画像，视为最珍贵的礼物、争相领取，悬挂领袖像成为西藏各界的强烈愿望和自觉行动。

According to the inspection of political knowledge xiaobian, the report at that time mentioned that Tibet, in combination with the activities of striving for Excellence and strengthening the foundation and benefiting the people and the work of cadres stationed in temples, extensively carried out activities of sending national flags and sending leaders to villages and homes to enter temples. At present, more than 1 million faces of national flags and leaders have been donated (Zhang).

Portraits of leaders enter the "five-person era"

Judging from the portraits of leaders that have been disclosed this time, the four-person version has not changed much, but because of the addition of one person, I feel that the area of each person is a little smaller, but more is arranged by the change of position, and the head of each leader is still very clear. There is no obvious change in the background elements, but the words celebrating the 60th anniversary of peaceful liberation at the bottom are replaced by the words celebrating the 50th anniversary of its founding.

If it is different from the last event, Zheng Zhi Xiao Bian thinks that the biggest difference is that the unveiling of the portraits of five leaders and the flag-raising ceremony were held simultaneously in seven cities in Xizang Autonomous Region.

After the earthquake in Nepal this year, portraits of five generations of leaders were hung in the tents of victims in the disaster-stricken area of Zhangmu.

According to a report in Tibet Daily, cadres and people of all ethnic groups in Tibet are deeply grateful for their drinking water, and they spontaneously hang portraits of leaders to express their infinite gratitude to the Communist Party of China (CPC) and their great love for the great motherland. "In order to meet the requirements of the people of all ethnic groups, the central delegation will present portraits of five leaders to the people of all ethnic groups in our region." References | Xinhuanet China Tibet News Network People’s Daily Tibet (Author | Yu Zhou)

　　为全面反映2015年我国药品不良反应监测情况，促进临床合理用药，保障公众用药安全，依据《药品不良反应报告和监测管理办法》，国家食品药品监管总局组织国家药品不良反应监测中心编撰《国家药品不良反应监测年度报告(2015年)》。

　　一、药品不良反应监测工作进展

　　2015年，根据《药品不良反应报告和监测管理办法》有关要求，为督促药品生产企业建立健全药品不良反应报告和监测体系，切实履行报告和监测责任，国家食品药品监管总局发布了《药品不良反应报告和监测检查指南(试行)》，明确开展药品不良反应报告和监测工作检查的相关程序，促进药品不良反应报告和监测工作深入开展。

　　2015年，国家药品不良反应监测网络建设进一步深入，基层网络用户数量快速增长，全国已有28万余个医疗机构、药品生产经营企业注册为药品不良反应监测网络用户，并通过该网络报送药品不良反应报告。全国县级报告比例达到96.6%，每百万人口平均报告数量达到1044份，较2014年均有所增长，表明我国发现和收集药品不良反应信息的能力进一步增强。2015年，继续加强与世界卫生组织的合作及数据共享，得到世界卫生组织的高度赞扬和肯定。

　　2015年，药品不良反应报告和监测工作有序开展。通过日监测、周汇总、季度分析等方法加强对国家药品不良反应监测数据的分析评价，深入挖掘药品风险信号，对醒脑静注射液、酒石酸唑吡坦口服制剂、地塞米松注射剂等45个(类)品种进行了安全性评价，并采取了风险管理和沟通措施。编发《药物警戒快讯》12期，共计62条信息，涉及76个品种。继续推进药品不良事件聚集性信号处置工作，加强预警平台建设，提高预警工作效能，对重点关注的150多条药品不良事件聚集性信号及时进行处置，进一步保障公众用药安全。

　　II. Reporting of adverse drug reactions/incidents

　　(I) Overall report

　　1. Annual and monthly reports of adverse drug reactions/incidents in 2015

　　In 2015, the national adverse drug reaction monitoring network received 1.398 million copies of the "Adverse Drug Reaction/Event Report Form", an increase of 5.3% over 2014. From 1999 to 2015, the national adverse drug reaction monitoring network received nearly 9.30 million copies of the "Adverse Drug Reaction/Event Report Form".

　　2. Reporting of new and serious adverse drug reactions/incidents

　　In 2015, the national adverse drug reaction monitoring network received 393,734 new and serious adverse drug reaction/incident reports, an increase of 15.3% compared with 2014; the number of new and serious reports accounted for 28.2% of the total number of reports in the same period, an increase of 2.5% compared with 2014. The proportion of new and serious adverse drug reaction/event reports continued to increase, indicating that the overall quality and availability of adverse drug reaction reports in our country continued to improve.

　　3. Average case reporting per million population

　　The average number of cases reported per million population is one of the important indicators to measure the level of adverse drug reaction monitoring in a country. In 2015, the average number of cases reported per million population in our country was 1044, an increase of 5.4% compared with 2014.

　　4. County-level reporting of adverse drug reactions/incidents

　　The proportion of county-level reports of adverse drug reactions/events is one of the important indicators to measure the balanced development and coverage of adverse drug reaction monitoring in our country. In 2015, the proportion of county-level reports of adverse drug reactions/events nationwide was 96.6%, an increase of 2.2% compared with 2014.

　　5. Sources of adverse drug reactions/incident reports

　　According to the source of the report, 82.2% of the reports were from medical institutions, 16% from pharmaceutical distributors, 1.4% from pharmaceutical manufacturers, and 0.4% from individuals and other sources. In 2015, medical institutions were still the main source of reports; the number of reports from manufacturing enterprises was still low, but among the top 30 production enterprises with the number of reports, the number of domestic enterprises increased significantly.

　　6. Reporter occupation

　　According to the occupational statistics of reporters, doctors accounted for 53.0%, pharmacists accounted for 27.6%, nurses accounted for 14.6%, and other reports accounted for 4.8%. The occupational composition of reporters in 2014 was basically the same.

　　7. Reports of adverse drug reactions/incidents involving patients

　　According to the statistics of the age of the patients involved in the report, the reports of children under the age of 14 accounted for 9.9%, a slight decrease compared with 2014. The reports of the elderly over the age of 65 accounted for 21.5%, an increase of 1.6% compared with 2014. According to the statistics of the gender of the patients involved in the report, the ratio of male and female patients was close to 0.92:1, and there were slightly more females than males. The gender distribution trend was basically the same as in 2014.

　　8. Adverse drug reaction/incident reports involve the drug

　　According to the category of suspected drugs, chemical drugs accounted for 81.2%, traditional Chinese medicine accounted for 17.3%, and biological products (excluding vaccines) accounted for 1.5%. The number of reports of anti-infective drugs still ranked first, accounting for 44.9% of chemical drugs, a decrease of 1.3% from 2014, and the proportion of reports has been declining for 6 consecutive years. Cardiovascular system drugs accounted for 10.3% of the total number of chemical drugs reported, an increase of 0.1% from 2014, and an upward trend for 6 consecutive years. Electrolytes, acid-base balance and nutritional drugs all showed an upward trend for 6 consecutive years, and the proportion increased slightly compared with 2014.

　　According to the statistics of drug dosage forms, among the distribution of drug dosage forms involved in adverse drug reaction/incident reports in 2015, injections accounted for 61.3%, oral formulations accounted for 34.7%, and other formulations accounted for 4.0%. The proportion of injections increased by 3.5% compared with 2014, and the proportion of oral formulations decreased by 1.5%.

　　按照药品给药途径统计，2015年药品不良反应/事件报告涉及的药品给药途径分布中，静脉注射给药占57.9%、其他注射给药占3.2%、口服给药占35.8%、其他给药途径占3.1%，与2014年相比，总体给药途径分布无明显变化。

　　9.不良反应累及系统情况

　　2015年报告的药品不良反应/事件中，累及系统排名前三位的为皮肤及其附件损害(占27.3%)、胃肠系统损害(占26.2%)和全身性损害(占10.8%)，前三位之和占64.3%。化学药、中成药累及系统前三位排序与总体一致，但生物制品累及系统前三位与总体有所不同，依次是皮肤及其附件损害、全身性损害、免疫功能紊乱。

　　注射剂报告中累及系统排名前三位与总体报告一致，分别是皮肤及其附件损害(占32.5%)、胃肠系统损害(占19.1%)、全身性损害(占13.5%)，与2014年相比，全身性损害下降1.1%。口服制剂累及系统前三位为胃肠系统损害(占41.6%)、皮肤及其附件损害(占16.7%)、神经系统损害(12.9%)，与2014年基本持平。

　　10.药品不良反应/事件报告总体情况分析

　　2015年药品不良反应/事件报告总体情况与2014年相比未出现显著差异。在患者年龄分布中，老年患者不良反应报告比例依然出现增高态势，提示应继续关注老年人群用药安全。在剂型和给药途径分布中，化学药品注射制剂比例仍有小幅增加，提示应建立注射剂风险管理的长效机制，并应加强相关宣传、教育和研究工作。在化学药总体排名中，心血管系统用药所占比例有所增加，提示应继续加强心血管系统用药不良反应监测，及时发现风险并采取有效控制措施，保证患者的用药安全。

　　小贴士：

　　What is Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting and Monitoring? Why should the state establish a reporting system for adverse drug reactions?

　　Adverse drug reaction reporting and monitoring refers to the process of discovery, reporting, evaluation and control of adverse drug reactions. The main purpose of establishing an adverse drug reaction reporting system is to understand the occurrence of adverse drug reactions and detect new and serious adverse drug reactions in a timely manner. Due to the particularity of drugs, pre-market research is very limited, and its inherent risks need to be discovered through a wide range of clinical applications. Therefore, by strengthening the reporting and monitoring of adverse drug reactions, the potential inherent risks of drugs can be discovered in a timely manner, the risk-benefit ratio can be evaluated, and the safety information of drugs can be continuously improved to protect the public’s drug safety.

　　(Ii) Monitoring of essential drugs

　　1. Overall situation of national essential drug monitoring

　　In 2015, the overall situation of national essential drug monitoring remained basically stable. In 2015, the national adverse drug reaction monitoring network received a total of 575,000 reports of adverse reactions/events of national essential drugs (accounting for 41.1% of the overall reports in 2015), an increase of 1.9% over 2014. Among them, 37,000 cases were seriously reported, accounting for 6.4%, an increase of 0.8% over 2014. 83.1% of cases reported involving chemical drugs and biological products, and 16.9% of cases reported involving proprietary Chinese medicines.

　　2. Analysis of the situation of national essential medicines, chemicals and biological products

　　The "National Essential Drugs List (Primary Medical Institutions Equipped and Used Part) " (2012 Edition) includes chemical drugs (including biological products), divided into 25 categories and 317 varieties. In 2015, the National Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring Network received 482,740 reports of adverse reactions/events of 359 specific varieties, of which 35,358 were serious reports, accounting for 7.3%.

　　2015年国家基本药物化学药品和生物制品报告按类别统计，报告数量排名前5位的分别是抗微生物药、心血管系统用药、抗肿瘤药、消化系统用药、镇痛/解热/抗炎/抗风湿/抗痛风药，占基本药物化学报告的73.1%。抗微生物的报告比例最高。化学药品(含生物制品)报告数量排名前五位的品种均为抗微生物药，分别是左氧氟沙星、头孢曲松、头孢呋辛、头孢他啶和青霉素。

　　2015年国家基本药物化学药品和生物制品不良反应/事件报告中，药品不良反应/事件累及系统排名前5位的是胃肠系统损害(占27.9%)、皮肤及其附件损害(占26.9%)、全身性损害(占9.5%)、中枢及外周神经系统损害(占9.1%)以及免疫功能紊乱和感染(占4.5%)；前5位不良反应例次之和占77.9%。

　　3.国家基本药物中成药情况分析

　　《国家基本药物目录(基层医疗卫生机构配备使用部分)》(2012版)中成药部分涉及内科用药、外科用药、妇科用药、眼科用药、耳鼻喉科用药、骨伤科用药6大类共203个品种。2015年全国药品不良反应监测网络收到该部分共203个相关品种的报告98,176例次，其中严重报告5,480例次，占5.6%。

　　2015年国家基本药物中成药部分六大类中，药品不良反应/事件报告总数由多到少依次为内科用药、骨伤科用药、妇科用药、耳鼻喉科用药、外科用药、眼科用药。其中内科用药报告总数占到总体报告数量的84.9%，内科用药构成比较大可能与内科用药临床使用量大，且基本药物目录中中药注射剂都属于内科用药有关。内科用药中排名前五位的分别是祛瘀剂、温理剂、开窍剂、清热剂、扶正剂，此五类药品报告占到内科用药报告数的88.9%。

　　2015年国家基本药物目录中成药部分药品不良反应/事件报告中，累及系统排名前三位的是皮肤及其附件损害(占29.0%)、胃肠系统损害(占23.8%)和全身性损害(占14.4%)。不同剂型报告累及系统中，注射剂不良反应/事件累及系统排名前三位的是皮肤及其附件损害(占21.1%)、全身性损害(占12.8%)、胃肠系统损害(占6.2%)，口服制剂累及系统排名前三位的是胃肠系统损害(占16.9%)、皮肤及其附件损害(占5.5%)、中枢及外周神经系统损害(占2.7%)。

　　2015年，根据药品不良反应监测风险信号，组织对可待因单方制剂、血栓通、血塞通注射制剂、缩宫素注射剂等基本药物品种开展了安全性评价，并采取了相应风险控制措施。

　　(三)抗感染药监测情况

　　1.抗感染药不良反应/事件报告总体情况

　　2015年全国药品不良反应监测网络共收到抗感染药的药品不良反应/事件报告51.3万例，其中严重报告2.84万例，占5.5%。抗感染药的药品不良反应/事件报告占2015年总体报告的36.7%。与2014年相比，2015年抗感染药报告数量同期增长1.2%，严重报告同期增加16.6%。严重报告构成比与2014年(4.8%)相比增加0.7%。

　　2.报告涉及患者情况及不良反应情况

　　2015年抗感染药药品不良反应/事件的总报告与总体报告年龄分布相比，1-4岁年龄段上升4.8%，45-64岁年龄段下降6%，65岁以上年龄段下降4.2%，其余各年龄段患者的比例浮动范围在4个百分点以内；与2014年抗感染药物的年龄分布相比基本一致。按报告涉及患者年龄统计，14岁以下儿童患者的报告占16.4%，高于整体数据儿童患者所占比例；65岁以上老年人的报告占17.3%。

　　In the 2015 report of adverse drug reactions/events of anti-infective drugs, the top three systems involved in adverse drug reactions/events were skin and its appendages (39.5%), gastrointestinal system damage (25.5%), and systemic damage (7.4%). The top three systems involved in oral anti-infective drugs were gastrointestinal system damage (44.6%), skin and its appendages damage (26.6%), and central and peripheral nervous system damage (6.9%); the top three systems involved in injection preparations were skin and its appendages damage (43.0%), gastrointestinal system damage (20.7%), and systemic damage (8.5%).

　　3. The report involves the situation of drugs

　　The 2015 anti-infective drug adverse reaction/incident reports involved 9 categories and 321 varieties, of which antibiotics accounted for 65.8%. The top five were cephalosporins (31.9%), macrolides (10.1%), penicillins (9.6%), beta-lactamase inhibitors (5.8%) and lincomycin (3.7%); synthetic antimicrobials accounted for 24.7%, mainly quinolones (18.4%) and nitroimidazoles (5.5%). There was no significant difference in the composition ratio of drugs and the composition of anti-infective drug reports in 2014.

　　In 2015, antibiotics accounted for 65.4% and synthetic antimicrobials 14.5% of serious adverse reactions/incident reports of anti-infective drugs, with no significant difference from the composition of anti-infective drug reports in 2014. The top five serious reports were cephalosporins (32.4%), quinolones (11.5%), penicillins (11.3%), anti-tuberculosis drugs (10.4%), and beta-lactamase inhibitors (7.6%). Compared with 2014, the ranking of quinolones rose to No. 2, and the ranking of penicillins fell to No. 3.

　　From the analysis of drug dosage forms, in 2015, injections accounted for 76.6%, oral formulations accounted for 16.8%, and other dosage forms accounted for 0.5%. Compared with the overall drug report, the proportion of injections (76.6%) was higher, which was basically the same as the distribution of dosage forms in 2014.

　　4. Analysis of anti-infective drug safety trends

　　In 2015, the total number of adverse reactions/events reported by anti-infective drugs increased compared with 2014, and the number of serious reports increased by 16.6%, which was higher than the increase in overall case reports in 2015. Compared with 2014, the proportion of adverse reactions/events reported by anti-infective drugs in 2015 decreased by 1.5%, the proportion of serious reports increased by 0.2%, and the proportion of serious reports increased by 0.7%.

　　小贴士：

　　What are the side effects of antibiotics?

　　Antibiotics are effective drugs for controlling various infections today, and they are one of the most commonly used drug categories. Nearly 100 kinds have been used. Their most common adverse reactions are as follows:

　　(1) Allergic reaction. Penicillin, streptomycin, pioneer mycin, etc. can cause allergic reactions in people, which can be life-threatening in severe cases. Allergic reactions caused by antibiotics are common for drug rashes, dermatitis and drug fever.

　　(2) Toxic reactions. Common toxic reactions caused by antibiotics include auditory nerve damage, hematopoietic system disorders, kidney damage, liver damage, and gastrointestinal reactions. The nature and extent of toxic reactions vary depending on the type of drug and individual patients.

　　(3) Drug resistance. Most bacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics. With the wide application of antibiotics and the overuse of antibiotics caused by irrational use of antibiotics, the number of drug-resistant strains is increasing, which affects the treatment of diseases, and even has serious consequences due to the lack of sensitive antibiotics to control infections.

　　(4) Local stimulation. Intramuscular injection of antibiotics can mostly cause local pain, and intravenous injection may also cause thrombophlebitis. It can be seen that antibiotics must be used rationally, and must not be used indiscriminately as a "panacea".

　　(IV) Monitoring of traditional Chinese medicine injections

　　1. Overall status of adverse reactions/incident reports of traditional Chinese medicine injections

　　In 2015, the safety status of traditional Chinese medicine injections was basically consistent with the overall situation in the country. In 2015, the national adverse drug reaction monitoring network received a total of 127,000 reports of traditional Chinese medicine injections, of which 9,798 were serious reports (7.7%). In 2015, the proportion of injections in adverse reaction/event reports of traditional Chinese medicine was 51.3%, a decrease of 2.1% compared with 2014.

　　2015年中药注射剂报告数量排名居前的类别是理血剂、补益剂、开窍剂、清热剂、解表剂、祛痰剂，共占中药注射剂总体报告的97.0%。报告数量排名前五名的药品分别是：清开灵注射剂、参麦注射剂、血塞通注射剂、双黄连注射剂、舒血宁注射剂。

　　2015年，中药注射剂严重报告主要涉及全身性损害、呼吸系统损害、皮肤及其附件损害等，包括过敏样反应、过敏性休克、寒战、发热、呼吸困难、胸闷、心悸、瘙痒、皮疹、恶心、呕吐等表现，与往年监测情况基本一致。

　　2.中药注射剂不良反应/事件报告合并用药情况

　　对2015 年中药注射剂总体报告排名前20 位药品(占全年中药注射剂报告87.6%)合并用药情况进行分析，其总体报告涉及合并用药占43.4%，严重报告涉及合并用药占56.5%，以上数据提示单独或联合其他药品使用中药注射剂均可出现不良事件，合并用药可能加大中药注射剂的安全风险。

　　三、用药安全提示

　　(一)关注老年患者用药问题

　　根据对2015年国家药品不良反应监测数据库收到的药品不良反应报告年龄分布情况分析，2015年65岁以上老年患者药品不良反应报告比例达21.5%，严重报告比例达28.7%。国家药品不良反应监测数据库分析显示，自2009年以来，该两项比例持续7年上升，老年患者用药安全问题需引起特别关注。一般来说，老年人脏器功能退化，新陈代谢减慢，容易发生药品不良反应；老年人往往身患一种以上的疾病，有些老年人还服用一些保健品等，所以老年人用药要特别慎重，选择药品时要多咨询医生，注意给药途径和时间、加强用药前和用药期间监护。

　　小贴士：

　　老年人使用抗菌药物应注意的相关问题及用药十忌原则：

　　老年人因肝肾功能衰退，对药物的耐受性降低，尤其是一些活性较强的药物，极易产生毒副作用和过敏反应。抗菌药物在人体吸收以后，多由肝脏和肾脏解毒、排泄。因此，肝肾功能不全的老人，在用这些药时需慎重，不宜长期或大剂量应用。故长期、大剂量使用这些抗菌药物，对老年人是非常不利。老年用药十忌原则：一忌随意滥用；二忌品种过多；三忌时间太长；四忌不遵医嘱；五忌生搬硬套；六忌乱用偏方、秘方、验方；七忌滥用补药；八忌更换过频；九忌嗜药成瘾；十忌联用毒副作用强的药物。

　　(二)关注心血管系统用药安全

　　2015年化学药总体排名中，心血管系统用药占10.3%(排名第二)，仅次于抗感染药，连续5年呈上升趋势。按照化学药剂型排名，口服制剂前20名的品种中心血管系统用药为7个，与2014年相比心血管系统用药所占比例均有所增长。随着我国居民生活水平的逐步提高，高血压、冠心病、高血脂等心血管疾病的发病率亦呈增长的趋势，心血管系统用药尤其是口服制剂使用也随之越来越广泛。相关数据显示，近20年间，我国心血管病死亡率一直呈上升趋势，且35岁-55岁的中青年男性冠心病死亡率增加最快，心血管用药安全应引起格外关注。

　　小贴士：

　　如何合理使用心血管药物？

　　高血压、冠心病、心律失常、心力衰竭是临床最常见的心血管疾病。在治疗心血管疾病时，要注意鉴别疾病类型和分期，恰当的选择最适合病情的药物，以求达到最佳治疗效果和最大程度的降低不良反应的发生。在用药过程中还应注意一些特殊情况，例如：高血压患者应加强血压监测，确定最佳服药时间，在服用降压药时要谨防“首剂反应”，服药过程中忌频繁换药，患者用药前应仔细阅读所服药物的说明书，掌握心血管药物适应症、禁忌症、不良反应，注意合理用药。

　　(三)关注基层医疗机构注射剂使用安全

　　2015年化学药不良反应/事件报告中，注射剂所占比例为62.9%；中药不良反应/事件报告中，注射剂所占比例为51.3%；而严重药品不良反应报告的给药途径以静脉注射为主，占70%以上。国家药品不良反应监测数据分析显示，部分中药注射剂的不良反应主要来源于基层医疗卫生机构。注射剂的不良反应主要表现为过敏及类过敏反应，部分病例可出现过敏性休克等严重过敏反应，需要紧急救治。基层医疗卫生机构的救治设备、设施较为有限，医护人员救治经验和能力相对缺乏，影响抢救效果及预后，基层医疗机构的输液风险值得关注。

　　小贴士：

　　如何合理使用注射剂？

　　静脉输液是高风险、高获益的临床用药方法，起效迅速，易于调节给药剂量和速度，可恒定维持治疗所需的药物浓度。如能合理使用，静脉输液的临床获益大于风险；过度使用时，静脉输液的风险则明显增加，甚至可能超过临床获益，给患者带来不必要的风险及经济损失。国内绝大多数医疗机构都有门诊输液，门诊输液几乎成了中国老百姓的就医习惯，长期以来人们形成了“输液好、输液快”的错误认识和就医习惯。用药要遵循能不用就不用、能少用就不多用、能口服不肌注、能肌注不输液的原则。

　　(四) 关注合理用药问题

　　据统计，2008年至2015年国家发布的《药品不良反应信息通报》总计66个药品中，27个存在明显不合理用药情况；如：2015年药品不良反应信息通报(第69期)中提醒注射用头孢硫脒，存在比较严重的不合理用药现象，包括单次超剂量、日剂量超量给药，未分次给药等，增加了患者发生严重不良反应的风险。2015年，国家药品不良反应监测中心对国内医学文献中涉及不合理用药情况进行了系统分析，结果显示抗菌药、静脉输液和中药注射剂不合理用药问题突出。

　　小贴士：

　　合理用药十大提示？

　　1.优先使用基本药物；

　　2.遵循能不用就不用、能少用就不多用，能口服不肌注、能肌注不输液的原则；

　　3.买药要到合法医疗机构和药店，注意区分处方药和非处方药，处方药必须凭执业医师处方购买；

　　4.阅读药品说明书，特别要注意药物的禁忌、慎用、注意事项、不良反应和药物间的相互作用等事项；

　　5.处方药要严格遵医嘱，切勿擅自使用。特别是抗菌药物和激素类药物，不能自行调整用量或停用；

　　6.任何药物都有不良反应，非处方药长期、大量使用也会导致不良后果；

　　7.孕期及哺乳期妇女用药要注意禁忌；儿童、老人和有肝脏、肾脏等方面疾病的患者，用药应谨慎，用药后要注意观察；从事驾驶、高空作业等特殊职业者要注意药物对工作的影响；

　　8. Drugs should be stored scientifically and properly; beware of misuse and misuse by children and mentally ill persons;

　　9. Vaccination is the most effective and economical measure to prevent some infectious diseases, and the state provides free first-class vaccines.

　　10. Health foods cannot replace medicines.

　　IV. Relevant risk control measures

　　According to the adverse drug reaction monitoring data and evaluation results in 2015, the State Food and Drug Administration has taken corresponding risk control measures in a timely manner for drugs found to have potential safety hazards to ensure the safety of public medication.

　　(1) Issued the 4th issue of the "Adverse Drug Reaction Information Circular", reporting serious adverse reactions such as metoclopramide, atypical antipsychotics, Chinese and Western medicine compound preparations, and ceftiramide for injection, timely reminding of drug safety risks.

　　(2) Published 12 issues of "Pharmacovigilance Alert", reporting 62 pieces of foreign drug safety information such as suicide risk of pregabalin and severe skin reactions of ziprasidone.

　　(3) According to the monitoring and evaluation results, the organization revised the instructions of 40 (categories) of drugs such as Xuesaitong, Naoluotong Capsule, and Trikrutin Injection.

　　V. Relevant Instructions

　　(1) The data in this annual report is derived from the data reported by each region from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2015 in the National Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring Database.

　　(2) Like most countries, the data collected by the adverse drug reaction monitoring database in our country has limitations, such as underreporting, irregular filling, lack of detailed information, and inability to calculate the incidence of adverse reactions.

　　(III) At the time of the completion of this annual report, some of the serious reports and death reports were still under investigation and evaluation. All statistical results were a true reflection of the data collection situation, and some issues did not represent the final evaluation results.

　　(Iv) The number of adverse drug reactions/events reported is influenced by many factors such as the amount of the drug used and the incidence of adverse drug reactions. Therefore, the ranking of the number of adverse drug reactions/events reported is only a direct reflection of the number of reported data, and does not represent the incidence of adverse reactions.

　　(V) This annual report does not include surveillance data on vaccine adverse reactions/events.