Last week, the mainland box office closed at 609 million yuan, which was about 22% lower than the previous week. Relay became the overlord last week, winning 64.72 million yuan at the box office on the first day, exceeding expectations; Another new film only received 16.03 million yuan on the first day of painting. Although this sci-fi film has a good reputation in North America, it has been cold in China. Although "Ace Agent 2" was attacked by two new films on Friday, it easily overtook "Blade Runner 2049" the next day and won the second place in a single day. By Sunday, the cumulative box office of the film had exceeded 400 million.

From October 23rd to October 29th, there were 1.82 million screenings, and the number of people watching the movie was about 20.31 million.

Global Storm’s box office exceeded expectations, and the popularity of disaster films continued unabated.

　　　　　　　　As the only imported disaster film this year, according to the film’s publicity, "Global Storm" cost as much as 120 million US dollars, equivalent to about 800 million yuan. When the film was released in North America, the box office was bleak, and the reputation was not good. The freshness of rotten tomatoes was only 13%, but in China, it was the opposite situation. The Global Storm captured 64.84 million yuan at the box office on the first day, taking 51.5% of the market share on that day. Successfully won the weekly box office champion.

　 　 　 Stills of the movie Global Storm

　　　　　　　　Recalling that the last imported disaster film was released in 2015, the audience had a certain demand for watching disaster movie. The arrival of Global Storm, a pure disaster film, really met the needs of mainland audiences. Although the film can’t be compared with the one released in 2009 in terms of production and box office, its three-day release at the top of the single-day box office list also proves that China audiences like disaster films.

The box office was forced by the street to be criticized by 3 D.

　　　　　　　　Compared with Global Storm, another newly released film, Blade Runner 2049, did not perform very well at the box office. The film scored 8.5 in IMDB, and the freshness of rotten tomatoes was 88%. Such a sci-fi masterpiece with excellent reputation did not perform well in the world, and it was even worse in China. It only earned 16.03 million yuan on the first day of painting, accounting for 12.74% of the box office.

　Stills of the movie Blade Runner 2049

　　　　　　　As a sequel to blade runner released in 1982, most audiences can’t understand the plot design in Blade Runner 2049, and the film has a slow pace and no impressive climax, which inevitably makes the audience feel boring. In addition, the film was shot with a 2D camera, and it was forced to be converted to 3D later, which caused some picture distortion and insufficient light contrast, and the 3D version shown in the cinema also made many people criticize.

Break 2.15 billion 683 billion and end successfully.

　　　　　　　　The newly released horror film has assembled high-quality film companies such as Louis Koo, Chilam and Charlene Choi. Although there is some controversy about word of mouth, it also got nearly 30 million box office in the first week, ranking sixth. "Shameful Iron Fist" broke through 2.1 billion box office last Saturday (28th), and overtook the new film "Blade Runner 2049" in the weekly box office list. The single-day box office remained at about 10 million a day for nearly four weeks, with a stable trend and a double harvest in word of mouth and box office. In addition, three months after its release, Wolf Warriors 2, the top box office winner in mainland film history, ended successfully with a cumulative box office of 5.683 billion yuan on the 28th.

　Stills of the movie "Always Around You"

　　　　　　　　Due to the loss of a large number of films by the new film, the single-day box office on Friday fell by about 30% month-on-month. Although the film failed to surpass the previous film in word of mouth, the cumulative box office in the mainland has reached 420 million yuan, and there is still a chance to surpass the first box office of 480 million yuan.

　Movie ""stills

　　　　　　　　This week, the finally-arrived release will not only see the "Great Reconciliation of the Century" between Brother Hammer and his younger brother Loki, but also the new character Hella, the Death, will appear in the film to see how Brother Hammer is abused. In the Chinese film, Zhang Aijia, the director and starring, is a new work that has been polished for four years. The film focuses on three generations of daughters, mothers and grandmothers, and won six nominations such as best film, best director, best actor and best heroine in this year’s Golden Horse Award. Another new film starring Aaron Kwok and Zhao Liying will also be released this Friday, also known as "The Movie". Whether it can surpass the classics remains to be seen.

1905 Film Data College

Writer: Walking Beth

　　The problem of farmers in agriculture and rural areas is a major issue related to the overall development of the cause of the party and the state. At the end of 1970s, China took the lead in launching reforms in rural areas, thus opening the prelude to reform and opening up. Reviewing the great achievements of China’s rural reform and development in the past 40 years and summing up rich experience have important enlightenment significance for comprehensively deepening rural reform and implementing rural revitalization strategy in the new era.

　　First, China’s rural reform and development has made historic achievements.

　　Over the past 40 years, the party and the government have persistently taken reform as the fundamental driving force to promote rural development, and rural reform and development have made historic achievements. (1) A rural economic system in line with the world, national conditions and agricultural conditions was initially established. We will continue to deepen rural reform and initially establish a rural economic system that meets the requirements of developing a socialist market economy. Abolish the people’s commune and the management system of "three-level ownership and team-based", implement a two-tier management system based on household contract management and combining unified management with separate management, deepen the reform of rural land system, implement the "separation of ownership, contracting rights and management rights" of rural contracted land, and consolidate and improve the basic rural management system. Break through the single rural collective ownership and implement the ownership structure with collective ownership as the main body and multiple ownership economies developing together. Cancel the system of unified purchase and marketing, steadily promote the reform of agricultural product circulation system, strengthen the role of market mechanism in resource allocation, determine the basic direction of the reform of agricultural product price formation mechanism of "separation of market pricing and price compensation", and strive to establish and improve the rural market system. (2) The level of agricultural productivity has been continuously improved. Continue to promote rural reform, pay attention to the dynamic role of scientific and technological innovation in promoting agricultural and rural modernization, and greatly liberate and develop rural social productive forces. Modern agricultural construction has taken a new step, agricultural mechanization has made great progress, and the comprehensive mechanization level of main crops cultivation and harvest has exceeded 65%; The contribution rate of agricultural science and technology progress exceeds 56%;Moderate scale operation of land accounts for 40%. This indicates that China’s agricultural production has achieved a fundamental change, which is mainly based on mechanical operation and mainly driven by scientific and technological progress. Relying on major agricultural technological innovations such as hybrid rice, China has created a miracle of feeding about 20% of the world’s population with 9% of the world’s cultivated land. (3) The comprehensive agricultural production capacity has been significantly improved. China’s comprehensive grain production capacity has been continuously improved. From 1978 to 2017, China’s grain output increased from 609.5 billion Jin to 1,235.8 billion Jin, which successfully solved the problem of feeding 1.3 billion people, and achieved that "Chinese’s rice bowl must be firmly in its own hands at all times". Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China’s national food security and the basic supply capacity of bulk agricultural products have been significantly improved. After the first breakthrough in 2013, the national total grain output has been stable at more than 1.2 trillion Jin every year. The total output of meat and aquatic products in China ranks first in the world, and cotton, oilseeds, sugar, vegetables, fruits and other major cash crops have maintained a high output level, becoming a "ballast stone" for economic development and social stability. (4) The agricultural economic structure was continuously optimized. Constantly adjust and optimize the agricultural product structure, industrial structure and layout structure, promote the all-round development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, and accelerate the transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture. First, continue to adjust and optimize the structure of agricultural products, vigorously promote the development of green agriculture, and strive to promote the structural reform of the agricultural supply side.The second is to continuously adjust and optimize the rural industrial structure, promote the integrated development of rural primary, secondary and tertiary industries, increase the added value of products, extend the industrial chain and upgrade the value chain. Leisure agriculture and rural tourism, which are deeply integrated with culture, science and technology, ecology, tourism and recreation, have flourished, promoting diversification of subjects, industry specialization and formats. The third is to continuously adjust and optimize the agricultural layout structure. The proportion of the primary industry, namely the added value of agriculture, in GDP dropped from 28.1% in 1978 to 7.9% in 2017; Continuously optimize the agricultural industrial structure. In 2017, among the added value of the three rural industries, the proportions of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries were 33.5%, 51.7% and 14.9% respectively. (5) The living standards of farmers have greatly improved. The income of farmers in China has continued to grow rapidly, and the per capita net income has increased from 134 yuan in 1978 to 10,772 yuan in 2015, with an average annual growth rate of 7.28%. The anti-poverty work in rural areas has made remarkable achievements: according to the current poverty alleviation standards in rural areas, the number of poor people in rural areas in China has dropped from 770 million in 1978 to 30.46 million in 2017, and the incidence of poverty has dropped from 97.5% in 1978 to 3.1% in 2017, contributing to the cause of poverty alleviation in the world. The quality of life of farmers has been greatly improved, and the Engel coefficient has dropped from 67.7% in 1978 to 29.3% in 2017. (6) The rural landscape has undergone fundamental changes.Rural grassroots democratic political construction, spiritual civilization construction, social construction and ecological civilization construction have developed in an all-round way, and the construction of new countryside has been solidly promoted. In 2000, the goal of "two basics" in rural education was realized, and the quality of rural population was improved obviously. In 2006, the agricultural tax was completely abolished in China, and farmers went into battle lightly, resulting in social harmony; The construction of rural ecological civilization is gradually unfolding, and the awareness of environmental protection is increasing day by day. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, great achievements have been made in the construction of "five in one" in rural areas.

　　Second, the rural reform and development has accumulated rich experience.

　　(1) We must uphold the Party’s leadership over rural work. Always regard upholding and strengthening the Party’s overall leadership over rural work as a political guarantee for promoting rural reform and development. Since the reform and opening up, our party has deeply realized that the issue of farmers in agriculture and rural areas is a fundamental issue related to the national economy and people’s livelihood. It has held many plenary sessions of the Central Committee to specifically deploy the work on agriculture, rural areas and farmers, and held a central rural work conference every year. The 20 central "No.1 documents" have basically established a mature and stable policy system of strengthening agriculture, benefiting farmers and enriching farmers. This shows the importance attached by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council to the work concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers, and the most important position of the work concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers in the work of the whole party. The party’s leadership over rural work is also reflected in constantly summarizing and refining farmers’ inventions and creations in practice, and promoting the experience with universal significance into policies for promotion.

　　(B) We must adhere to the market-oriented rural reform. Only by adhering to the market-oriented rural economic system reform can we give full play to the enthusiasm, initiative and creativity of farmers. It is precisely because of adhering to the direction of market-oriented reform that the vitality of the broad masses of farmers is competing in generate, township enterprises have sprung up everywhere, and small towns have sprung up like mushrooms after rain. Relaxing the employment restrictions of rural labor force, breaking down the barriers of household registration system, and allowing the rural surplus labor force to flow freely have promoted the rapid acceleration of urbanization. The proportion of urban population in the total population has increased from 17.9% in 1978 to 58.5% in 2017.

　　(3) We must fully respect the initiative of farmers. We must fully respect farmers’ initiative and rely on farmers to promote rural reform and development. The practice of rural reform and development for 40 years proves that farmers are the main body of rural development and a group full of vitality and creativity. The formation of household contract responsibility system, the creation of township enterprises and the development of grass-roots organizations are all the results of farmers’ inventions and creations. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out, "We should persistently promote rural reform and institutional innovation, give full play to the main role and initiative of hundreds of millions of farmers, constantly liberate and develop rural social productive forces, and stimulate the vitality of rural development." To implement the strategy of rural revitalization in the new era, we should continue to respect the initiative of farmers and mobilize their initiative, enthusiasm and creativity.

　　(4) We must persist in safeguarding and developing the fundamental interests of farmers. Realizing, maintaining and developing the fundamental interests of farmers is the starting point and the end result of rural reform. To mobilize farmers’ enthusiasm, the core is to protect farmers’ material interests and respect farmers’ democratic rights, which is the fundamental principle to solve the "three rural issues". The rural household contract responsibility system, such a profound change involving the vital interests of 800 million farmers, has not caused social unrest and turmoil. The most fundamental thing is to safeguard and develop the fundamental interests of farmers. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has always put the people in the highest position, kept in mind the purpose of serving the people, and abided by the ruling philosophy of building the party for the public and governing for the people. Always adhere to the dominant position of farmers, ensure their material interests economically, safeguard their democratic rights politically and promote their all-round development. Persisting in safeguarding and developing the fundamental interests of farmers is the guarantee for continuing to promote rural reform and development and smoothly implementing the rural revitalization strategy.

　　(5) Adhere to the problem-oriented, step-by-step reform method according to local conditions. The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out that the reform was forced by the problem and deepened by constantly solving the problem. In the past 40 years, rural reform has been deepened by constantly solving problems. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee has strengthened the problem awareness, adhered to the problem orientation, firmly grasped the "bull nose" of comprehensively deepening rural reform, focused on solving major practical problems such as "who will farm", and further stimulated the new vitality of agriculture and rural areas. The particularity of "three rural issues" in different regions and different stages of development determines that the rural reform in China must be a gradual reform from point to surface and from part to whole. Practice has proved that only by adhering to the problem-oriented, adapting measures to local conditions, step by step, scientifically grasping the characteristics of rural differences and development trends, and persisting in overall promotion and key breakthroughs, can rural reform be promoted in an orderly and in-depth manner. (Author: Li Nan, professor and doctoral supervisor of Marxism College of Wuhan University, Li Yuanfeng, doctoral student of Marxism College of Wuhan University)

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Just yesterday, the much-watched Star Road Star Era ET extended-range four-wheel drive ushered in the official listing! It is reported that the new car has launched three models, with the price range of 239,800-289,800 yuan and the replacement price of 219,800-269,800 yuan. If you are interested in small partners, you can come and find out.

From the appearance point of view, the overall shape of the new car continues the design concept of two-wheel drive Zengcheng version, the closed middle net structure, and the combination of running lights, which makes it look simple and avant-garde. On the side of the car body, the proportion is coordinated, and the sharp waistline outlines the slender and dynamic outline of the car body. The new style of 20-inch multi-spoke wheels is both fashionable and can show its sports atmosphere. In addition, the new car also adds a variety of body colors such as Xinghan Grey, Xuanwu Grey and Kuangyizi.

Then there is the interior of the new car. In terms of interior, the new car not only upgraded the 8295 chip, but also upgraded the new EXEED OS system. In addition, it added new functions such as split screen, full-brand mobile phone screen projection and camping mode. In terms of intelligent driving, the new car is equipped with a new end-to-end high-end intelligent driving, and 30 sensors such as lidar, millimeter-wave radar and high-definition camera are all different.

As for the power part, the new car uses extended range power, in which the maximum power of the 1.5T range extender is 156 HP, the maximum power of the dual-motor four-wheel drive system is 469 HP, the CLTC has a pure battery life of 240km and a comprehensive battery life of 1500km.

The raw materials of caustic soda and soda ash are all salt, which belong to the salt chemical industry. The main production process of caustic soda is ion-exchange membrane electrolysis, brine refining, removing all kinds of impurities, making saturated brine, and producing 32% liquid caustic soda, chlorine and hydrogen through electrolysis. At present, this production process accounts for more than 99% in China. The production processes of soda ash include combined alkali process, ammonia-alkali process and natural alkali process. Ammonia-alkali and combined production use coal as fuel, use part of steam and electricity, and ammonia-alkali process consumes limestone. Natural alkali is mainly collected from natural alkali, and after a series of filtration and impurity removal, soda ash is prepared with low cost.

Soda and soda ash have their own differences. Caustic soda is commonly known as caustic soda, caustic soda, and the chemical formula is NaOH；; It belongs to Class 8.2 alkaline corrosive products in Grade 8 hazardous chemicals and belongs to strong alkali. There are two forms: solid caustic soda is white flake and granular crystal, liquid caustic soda is NaOH aqueous solution, and the mainstream specifications are 32% and 50%. The chemical formula of soda ash is Na2CO3, which is white and odorless powder or particles, easy to decompose at high temperature, strong electrolyte salts, soluble in water, alkaline in aqueous solution, corrosive and stable, but it can also be decomposed to generate sodium oxide and carbon dioxide at high temperature; Long-term exposure to air can absorb moisture and carbon dioxide in the air and generate sodium bicarbonate; Soda soda can react with acid, salt and alkali respectively, which belongs to salt rather than alkali.

However, there is a certain correlation between them. Both of them are raw salt in the upstream and used in alumina, printing and dyeing, paper making and other industries in the downstream, which belong to basic chemical raw materials. This paper mainly studies the correlation between caustic soda and soda ash.

Figure 1: Salt Chemical Industry Chain

Source: Exchange, SDIC Anxin Futures.

1. The same upstream raw materials determine the high coincidence degree of their distribution areas.

The upstream raw materials of caustic soda and soda ash are raw salt. More than 90% of raw salt in China is used for soda ash and caustic soda, of which caustic soda consumption accounts for about 55.8% and soda ash accounts for about 38.2%. The added value of caustic soda and soda ash products is not high. When selecting the site, it is more concentrated in the distribution area of raw material capacity. By reducing transportation costs, the cost is reduced and the enterprise benefits are improved. Because both raw materials are raw salt, the capacity distribution of caustic soda and soda ash is highly coincident.

According to the provinces, the output of crude salt is mainly concentrated in Shandong, Jiangsu, Hubei, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Qinghai and other places, and the output of caustic soda and soda ash is also mainly concentrated in Shandong and Jiangsu, which is highly consistent with the distribution of crude salt production capacity. Among them, caustic soda is concentrated in Shandong, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other places, and soda ash is concentrated in Jiangsu, Henan, Qinghai, Shandong, Hebei and Hubei. And some manufacturers produce soda ash and caustic soda at the same time, according to statistics, there are 5 in total, with a capacity of 3 million tons of soda ash and 250,000 tons of caustic soda; Tangshan Sanyou has a production capacity of 2.3 million tons of soda ash and 540,000 tons of caustic soda; Anhui Hongsifang has a production capacity of 350,000 tons of soda ash and 150,000 tons of caustic soda; Inner Mongolia Jilantai has a capacity of 350,000 tons of soda ash and 360,000 tons of caustic soda; Ningxia Risheng has a production capacity of 400,000 tons of soda ash and 140,000 tons of caustic soda.

Figure 2: Distribution of crude salt output by province

Source: National Bureau of Statistics, SDIC Anxin Futures.

Figure 3: Distribution of Soda and Soda by Province

Source: National Bureau of Statistics, SDIC Anxin Futures.

Regionally, the distribution of crude salt production is mainly concentrated in East China, Central China, Northwest China, Southwest China and North China, accounting for 33%, 22%, 19%, 16% and 8% respectively. The regional distribution of caustic soda and soda ash production is highly similar to that of raw salt, and it is also concentrated in the above areas, and the proportion of regional production is not much different.

Figure 4: Distribution of crude salt yield by region

Source: National Bureau of Statistics, SDIC Anxin Futures.

Figure 5: Distribution of caustic soda and soda ash by region

Source: National Bureau of Statistics, SDIC Anxin Futures.

2. Cost relevance

The production of one ton of caustic soda requires 2300-2400 degrees of electricity and 1.4-1.6 tons of raw salt, of which electricity accounts for about 60% of the production cost and raw salt accounts for about 20% of the production cost. However, the production process of soda ash and ammonia-alkali process are different, and the cost is different. Among them, ammonia-alkali process consumes about 0.5 tons of coal, about 170 degrees of electricity, about 1.5 tons of raw salt and about 0.04 tons of synthetic ammonia, in which raw salt accounts for about 20% of the production cost, power coal accounts for about 29% and electricity accounts for about 9%. 1.6-1.7 tons of coal, about 500 degrees of electricity, about 1.2 tons of raw salt and 0.345 tons of synthetic ammonia are consumed to produce a ton of soda ash by the combined alkali process, in which raw salt accounts for about 13% of the production cost, power coal accounts for about 17% and electricity accounts for about 10%. Both raw salt and electricity affect the cost of caustic soda and soda ash, and the influence of coal on electricity determines that the cost trend of caustic soda and soda ash is highly convergent. Judging from the historical price trend, in the first half of 2018 -2021, due to the small fluctuation of raw material prices, the cost of caustic soda fluctuated around 1,400 yuan/ton, the cost of ammonia-alkali method was slightly higher than that of caustic soda, the range of 1,400-1,600 yuan fluctuated within a narrow range, and the cost of combined soda fluctuated around 1,800 yuan. In the second half of 2021, the cost of both products rose sharply. Due to the greater influence of electricity on caustic soda, the cost of caustic soda fluctuated more than that of soda ash, and the cost climbed from 1,400 yuan to 2,600 yuan, an increase of 85.7%. The production cost of ammonia-alkali method increased from 1,600 yuan to 2,500 yuan.The increase rate reached 56.3%, and the double-ton cost of the combined alkali process increased from 1900 yuan to 2700 yuan, with an increase rate of 42%. After that, the cost of caustic soda and soda ash decreased with the attenuation of the limiting film.

Figure 6: Cost comparison of caustic soda and soda ash

Source: SDIC Anxin Futures

3. Price relevance

Because the same upstream and downstream also have overlap, the price correlation between caustic soda and soda ash is high, the correlation coefficient is 0.7, and the trend is basically the same. However, from the second half of 2020 to the first half of 2021, the price of soda ash soared, but the price of caustic soda fell slightly. Reasons for price split: the downstream of soda ash is mainly float glass and photovoltaic glass. In the second half of 2020 and the first half of 2021, the market of float glass and photovoltaic glass is good, and the production capacity continues to rise. Especially in recent years, driven by carbon neutrality, the production capacity of photovoltaic glass has increased greatly, and the downstream demand has increased. The output of soda ash can’t match, which is in short supply and the price has soared. During this period, the production capacity of alumina, the main downstream of caustic soda, fluctuated little, and the downstream demand increment was limited, but the output of caustic soda increased slightly, and the price was in a weak pattern.

Figure 7: The price correlation between caustic soda and soda ash is high.

Source: Zhuo Chuang Information, SDIC Anxin Futures.

4. Downstream association

The largest downstream of caustic soda is alumina, which accounts for 29%, papermaking consumption accounts for 14% and printing and dyeing consumption accounts for 13%, while soda ash accounts for half of the consumption of heavy alkali and light alkali according to their different uses. Among them, heavy caustic soda is mainly used for float glass and photovoltaic glass, accounting for 34% and 18% respectively. The high prosperity of photovoltaic glass in recent years has made its consumption ratio increase continuously. In 2019, the output of photovoltaic glass was 6.14 million tons, and the consumption of soda ash reached 1.228 million tons. In 2022, the output of photovoltaic glass increased to 16.21 million tons, and the consumption of soda ash reached 3.242 million tons, which led to an increase of soda ash consumption by 164%. Light alkali is mainly used for daily glass, sodium silicate, sodium pyrosulfite, alumina, baking soda, etc. The substitution of caustic soda and soda ash is mainly in alumina, sodium silicate, monosodium glutamate, papermaking, printing and dyeing, washing and other industries. The choice of caustic soda or light alkali in these industries depends not only on the difference of process, but also on the price difference between them.

Figure 8: Downstream consumption of caustic soda and soda ash

Source: Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange and SDIC Anxin Futures.

5. How does the price difference affect the downstream alternative choice?

Generally, the price difference between 1.325* light alkali and 32% liquid alkali is used to see the price difference. From the historical trend of the price difference, most of the range is -1000- 500 yuan/ton. Before 2021, the price difference was mostly negative. After 2021, with the large-scale production of photovoltaics, the consumption of heavy caustic soda increased, and the price of heavy caustic soda rose rapidly, which made the price difference of light caustic soda higher than that of caustic soda, and the overall pattern of the industry changed to some extent. The price trend of light caustic soda was better than that of caustic soda. On the one hand, after soda ash went on the market, there would be some non-standard sets, which led to an increase in the demand for light caustic soda. In addition, the new energy concepts of photovoltaics and lithium carbonate were heavy. Recently, we have seen the price of caustic soda continue to fall, the inventory of soda ash is low, the price is firm, the price difference between light alkali and caustic soda continues to expand, and some downstream customers choose caustic soda to replace light alkali, which has dragged down the consumption of light alkali and caused the price to fall.

The price difference affects the downstream consumption choice. For alumina industry, his production processes mainly include sintering process, Bayer process and Bayer sintering combination. Bayer process uses caustic soda as raw material, and sintering process uses light alkali as raw material. At present, most alumina enterprises in China use Bayer process for production, mainly based on Bayer process’s simple process, short process and high product quality. However, the output of alumina produced by sintering process, series process and mixed process fluctuated in the range of 11 ~ 13%. Only some alumina plants in Shanxi and Chongqing maintain the production process in which the two methods coexist. Generally, when the price difference between them fluctuates little, it is not easy to replace the equipment, and only when the price difference is seriously unbalanced will the equipment be replaced. There are two production processes of sodium silicate: dry process and wet process. Soda is used in dry process and caustic soda is used in wet process. The traditional wet production process of sodium silicate is characterized by high energy consumption, high investment and complicated operation. The mainstream process in the market is dry process. Similarly, due to the consideration of equipment replacement cost, only when the price difference is seriously unbalanced will it be replaced. For washing and monosodium glutamate industries, there is no need to replace production equipment, so the alternative choice mainly considers the cost advantage and product quality difference brought about by the fluctuation of price difference between them. Among the alkali consumption in monosodium glutamate industry, the consumption of light alkali accounts for 75%, and that of caustic soda accounts for about 25%. The quality of products using light alkali is even better. Only the price of light alkali *1.325 far exceeds the price of liquid alkali. Enterprises choose caustic soda to replace light alkali, which reduces production costs.

Figure 9: Trend chart of the price difference between them.

Source: Zhuo Chuang Information, SDIC Anxin Futures.

6. Summary

Caustic soda and soda ash have a certain correlation. The same raw materials in the upstream determine the high overlap of their capacity distribution areas and the high synergy of their cost trends. In addition, the overlap in the downstream industries such as alumina, sodium silicate, paper making, printing and dyeing, monosodium glutamate and so on determines the high correlation of their price trends. The price difference between caustic soda and soda ash will affect the downstream alternative consumption choice.

　　A few days ago, BYD officially released a set of official interior drawings of seal 06 DM-I. The new car will be positioned as a medium-sized car, and will be equipped with BYD DM-i plug-in hybrid system, with pure electric cruising range of 60km and 90km. The new car will be officially unveiled at the Beijing Auto Show on April 25th.

　　Specifically, the interior of the new car follows BYD’s family style, with full LCD instrument panel and large-size central control screen design. The new car adopts a large number of curved designs on the door panels and seat surfaces, supplemented by a small amount of blue embellishment, which makes the overall atmosphere of the interior more elegant and fashionable. Different from BYD Seal, the shift area of the new car adopts a circular design, the small gear handle looks very delicate, and various function buttons surround the gear handle, which greatly improves the interior texture.

　　Looking back at the appearance, the new car adopts the brand-new design concept of BYD Ocean Series. The LED headlight group with L-shaped light strips on both sides of the front of the car cooperates with the sharp cooling openings on both sides of the front enclosure, showing a very dynamic style as a whole. In terms of body size, the length, width and height are 4830/1875/1495mm and the wheelbase is 2790mm respectively.

　　From the side of the car body, the new car adopts a slightly slippery shape, which looks compact and round as a whole. At the rear of the car, the new car adopts the popular penetrating taillight group, and the taillights on both sides adopt a drop-shaped design, which shows a fashionable and dynamic style with the blackening.

　　In terms of power, the car adopts a plug-in hybrid power system consisting of a 1.5L engine of BYD472QC model, in which the maximum power of the engine is 74 kW. Depending on the battery capacity and motor power, Seal 06 will be available in two versions. Among them, equipped with a 10.08kWh battery version, the pure electric cruising range of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (WLTC) is 60km; With the 15.874kWh battery version, the pure electric cruising range of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (WLTC) can reach 90km. According to reliable sources, Seal 06 will be equipped with BYD’s new generation of DM-i super hybrid technology, which is expected to bring new breakthroughs in energy efficiency. Under NEDC working conditions, the fuel consumption per 100 kilometers is less than 3L.

　　　　Article 81 of the Russian Constitution stipulates that "the same person shall not serve as President of the Russian Federation for more than two consecutive times". Putin was elected president for the first time in March 2000, re-elected in 2004 and will step down in 2008. According to the current constitution, Putin will officially leave the presidency in May 2008. Putin himself has repeatedly said on different occasions that he will "finish class" by clicking. On October 18 this year, when answering questions from domestic people, Putin affirmed: "In 2008, there will be a new owner in the Kremlin." However, recently, the voices of Russia to retain Putin from top to bottom, from officials to the people, and from the central government to the local government have been "one after another".

On October 18th, in Moscow, the Russian capital, Russian President Vladimir Putin listened to people’s questions during the program. Xinhua news agency

　　　　　Russia will not enter the "post-Putin era"

　　　 People gather to stay in Putin

　　　　In recent weeks, large-scale street activities have been launched all over Russia to support Putin’s re-election as president. Parliaments all over the country have issued appeals one after another, urging the President to continue to be the actual leader of the country after the expiration of his term in 2008. The scale, number of people, wide geographical area and high voice of this round of "retention" activities are also thought-provoking.

　　　　According to statistics, only from October 23rd to 30th, similar gatherings were held in Volgograd, Kamchatka Petropavlovsk, Grozny, Pskov, Novosibirsk, Magadan and other major cities. People held photos of Putin in their hands and wore shirts that read "Putin is our choice", demanding that Putin stay in office.

　　　　The reporter found that within one day, only three local councils in the Ural Federal District passed an appeal for the president to remain in power. Councillors of Hante-Mansi Autonomous Region wrote in the appeal: "The current president’s policy has achieved remarkable results: the economic growth rate is unheard of in the past 30 to 40 years, and the national priority projects and population policies have been put into practice. This is the largest’ personal’ investment plan in contemporary Russian history, which has brought about the improvement of living standards … As a big country, Russia’s international prestige has been restored, and it can defend its own interests and maintain global stability. The most important thing is that President Putin’s policies have helped people to believe in themselves and the country, and have regained the honor of the motherland and confidence in tomorrow … "

　　　　The actions of the residents of Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Region are the most striking. They drafted an open letter to Putin at the rally in New Ullengoi. About 2,000 people attended the rally. They not only showed their attitude towards Putin, but also set up an all-Russian movement to "support Putin". In another letter to all Russian citizens, there is the following paragraph: "We hope that the reforms currently carried out by the President and guaranteed by his thoughtful and constructive policies will continue in the future. The realistic achievements of our country’s development, like his great contribution, are obvious to all, and he has the ability to make state power institutions operate effectively for the well-being of citizens. We are gathered here to say that today the country has its own leader-Putin … "

　　　　　Officials expressed their position to leave Putin.

　　　　In addition to the "retention" of the people, Russian officials at all levels have also asked Putin to "lead everyone to continue." On October 26th, mironov, Chairman of the Russian Federation Council (Speaker of the House of Lords), publicly stated: "Russian President Vladimir Putin should find a way to keep him as president after his term of office expires in 2008, because the Russian people want him to stay."

　　　　Not long ago, Chechen President Kadyrov said that Putin should remain in the post of Russian President and consider serving for life. In an interview with reporters, Kadyrov said: "If Russia is to maintain its current stable development and become a world power again, Putin should continue to serve as president. Since the presidents of Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and other countries can serve for life, why not Russia? " Kadyrov said: "As long as Putin’s health permits, we should do our best to keep him. It is very difficult to choose a successor for Putin. In charge of a country like Russia, not everyone has the same ability as Putin. Even if Putin leaves office, his policies will still be implemented. " Kadyrov made no secret of his admiration for Putin. He said, "Putin is a hero who saved Chechnya and gave the Chechen people a second life. He also saved Russia. He is a gift from God to Russia. "

　　　　Regarding whether Putin will remain in office, matviyenko, the mayor of St. Petersburg, once said bluntly: "Putin’s third consecutive election as president will be the guarantee of national stability." Many Russian local chief executives have also come forward to demand constitutional amendments and support Putin to remain president, among which die-hard supporters include Moscow Mayor Luzhkov and others. Others advocate changing the term of office of the president to seven years.

　　　　　　Political parties offer advice to stay in Putin

　　　　In mid-October this year, Boris Gryzlov, Chairman of the Russian Duma and Chairman of the United Russia Party, published an article entitled "Putin will still be the leader of Russia" in Russian newspaper. Gryzlov said in the article: "The upcoming Duma election is actually a referendum in support of Putin. The United Russia Party should mobilize and publicize the program of our main candidate to the society. " He pointed out, "On December 2, 2007, the issue of national leaders will be decided on this day. Putin is, should be and will be the national leader. Russian citizens trust the current president. This trust stems from its obvious work achievements. "

　　　　Gryzlov also said: "A similar proposal was put forward long ago to amend the Constitution and remove the restriction that the president can only serve two consecutive terms. The original intention of most suggestions is to avoid the crisis and leave a person who can ensure Russia’s achievements in the position of head of state. This desire is understandable. The United Russia Party and its majority in parliament will provide a reliable guarantee for Putin’s leadership position. All the actions of the United Russia Party in parliament and everywhere are aimed at supporting the policy of our national leaders. The United Russia Party is not just an ordinary member of numerous political parties. It was established for the consolidation of the country. We have been fulfilling this mission. The president’s decision to appear at the top of the candidate list once again proves the fact that the United Russia Party is the Putin Party. "

　　　　In order to retain Putin, the United Russia Party put forward some options for Putin at the congress in early October this year: to remain president, to be the leader of the United Russia Party, to be the prime minister of the government, and to be the first person on the list of federal candidates for the United Russia Party to participate in the Duma election. At that time, after agreeing to lead the United Russia Party to participate in the Duma election, Putin said: "Leading the government is a completely realistic proposal, but it is too early to consider this issue, because it requires at least two conditions: First, the United Russia Party should win in the election; Second, a decent, capable and efficient person who can work with him should be elected as the president of the country. "

　　　　However, when party member, the United Russia Party, cheered for this, Putin denied that he "may become the prime minister again after leaving office" when attending the Russia-EU summit in Mavra Castle on the outskirts of Lisbon on October 26th.

　　　　The most interesting plan to keep Putin in office is to "elect Putin’s wife to run for president." Not long ago, Russian media reported that Putin’s supporters had found a way to keep Putin, that is, to elect the first lady Lyudmila Pujingna as a candidate to be elected president, because this would not only maintain the continuity of Putin’s policies and his influence, but also ensure that he would stay in the Kremlin. Some people in Volgograd have also established a campaign called "Support Pujingna! Support the organization of the female president.

　　　　Mironov, chairman of the Russian Federation Council, simply said: "Even if the constitutional amendment fails, Putin cannot be elected for the third time, and I hope that he will run for the presidency again after 2012." (Our correspondent in Russia Guan Jianbin)

Editor: Li Xiuwei

● fuel consumption test

　　　 For a fun car, fuel consumption may not be the most concerned item for consumers. The roads tested this time each accounted for one-third of the expressways, ring roads and city streets, and the congestion section was about 10%. The air conditioner was turned on, and the load was one person. MINI measured fuel consumption of 6.15 liters, while A1 was 5.69 liters.

　　　 It does seem that the fuel consumption is very low. This 90% of the clear road sections are directly related to the highway. If you were walking in the rush hour, the fuel consumption should be one liter higher than it is now.

　　The Legislative Affairs Office of the State Council announced the draft of the regulations for the implementation of the Consumer Protection Law yesterday for public comments. Among them, it is clear that "these regulations are not applicable to those who purchase or use goods or receive services for profit", that is, "professional counterfeiters are not protected by the Consumer Protection Law"; Merchants are not allowed to send sales promotion information to consumers by telephone or email without the consent of consumers.

　　Jinghua Times reporter Sha Xueliang

　　Counterfeiters shall not "make profits for the purpose"

　　In recent years, the negative social impact of "professional counterfeiting" has become increasingly prominent, which has aroused great concern from all walks of life. The State Administration for Industry and Commerce pointed out in the drafting instructions of the Implementation Regulations of the Law on the Protection of Consumer Rights and Interests in People’s Republic of China (PRC) (Draft for Review) that, from the legal point of view, the subjective purpose of "professional counterfeiters" is to make a profit by claiming a high amount of money, which is not a living expense, nor does it constitute misleading, and punitive damages for fraud in the Consumer Law should not be applied. In practice, "professional counterfeiting" is mostly aimed at irregular phenomena such as advertising terms and labels, and it has little effect on really cracking down on fake and shoddy goods and fraudulent behavior of operators. In addition, the rapid expansion and spread of "professional counterfeiters" has greatly wasted public resources such as administration and justice, disrupted the market order, and it is necessary to curb it in time.

　　In August this year, the draft of the regulations for the implementation of the Consumer Protection Law was released, which made it clear that "professional counterfeiters" were not protected by the Consumer Protection Law. The draft notes for the draft submitted for review suggest that after the "Regulations" were publicly solicited for opinions, Article 2 aroused great repercussions, and there were different understandings, but the opinions in favor were increasing. On the basis of extensive research on the opinions of all parties, the "Regulations" absorbed the opinions of the Development and Reform Commission and was revised as "for the purpose of making profits" to more accurately express the legislative intent and implement the spirit of the Consumer Law of the superior law. To this end, Article 2 of the draft for review responds to social concerns for the first time at the legislative level, and makes it clear that those who purchase or use goods or receive services for profit are not suitable for these regulations.

　　No telemarketing without the consent of consumers

　　The draft for review also stipulates that operators should establish and improve information confidentiality and management systems, and may not provide consumers’ personal information to others without the consent of consumers, and may not send commercial electronic information or make commercial sales calls to consumers’ fixed telephones, mobile phones and other communication equipment, computers and other electronic terminals or electronic information spaces such as e-mail boxes and network hard disks.

　　The draft is clear, and the personal information of consumers includes name, gender, occupation, date of birth, ID number, address, contact information, income and property status, health status and consumption status. Operators must clearly state the purpose, manner and scope of collecting and using information and obtain the consent of consumers, and may not collect information irrelevant to business operations or collect information by improper means.

　　Where consumers explicitly request operators to delete or modify their personal information, unless otherwise stipulated by laws and regulations, operators shall delete or modify it according to the requirements of consumers. In case of information leakage or loss, the business operator shall take remedial measures and notify the consumers in time. Proof that the operator has fulfilled the express obligation and obtained the consent of the consumer shall be retained for at least three years.

　　> > expert interpretation

　　Suspected fakes and buying fakes can play a synergistic role.

　　Lawyer Qiu Baochang, director of the Consumer Rights Protection Committee of Beijing Lawyers Association and director of Beijing Huijia Law Firm, believes that the implementation regulations of the Consumer Rights Protection Law do not limit counterfeiters, and the original law does not support profit-making buyers or counterfeiters. Only the second article of the implementation regulations emphasizes that people other than financial consumers are not protected by consumer law, which has two meanings in breakdown: first, people other than financial consumers are not allowed to make profits; Second, financial consumers can make profits, which has actually broken through the scope of application of the original consumer law.

　　Qiu Baochang said that what is a professional counterfeiter should be defined by the relevant departments, because ordinary consumers also have profit-making purposes in defending their rights. Qiu Baochang believes that the focus should be on the punishment of counterfeiting and selling fakes, and should not care whether the buyer is a consumer, whether it is for profit, or whether it is a professional counterfeiting.

　　In addition, most of the so-called "professional counterfeiters" are aimed at irregular phenomena such as advertising language and label identification, which has little effect on truly cracking down on fake and shoddy goods and fraud by operators. Qiu Baochang believes that it is the right of every citizen to complain, report and prosecute illegal operators.

　　Professor Liu Junhai, director of the Institute of Commercial Law of Renmin University of China, said, "We should objectively and fairly understand the role and function of those who buy fake goods. Suspicious buying fakes can play a synergistic role for industrial and commercial administrative law enforcement departments and help promote social fairness and justice. "

　　Professor Liu Junhai believes that building a consumer-friendly society in an all-round way can not be separated from the punitive damages system, which has six social functions: severely punishing the faithless, fully compensating the victims, generously rewarding the defenders, effectively warning the whole industry, comprehensively educating the public and comforting the public’s psychological feelings. Jinghua Times reporter Wang Xiaofei

　　[car home New Energy] In the eyes of enthusiasts and technology controllers, the new energy vehicle is more like a work of art, and every core component is its essence. When talking about pure electric vehicles, they will ask you about battery manufacturers or battery suppliers, which can be regarded as the second brand of vehicles; When it comes to hybrid cars, they will ask you "P". What do these slang words mean? Today, I will talk to you about different types of motor architectures for hybrid vehicles.

　　At present, the application modes of motor architecture in the industry are different, and the specific applications and explanations under different architectures are also slightly different. The starting point of this paper is to sort out the basic principles and application modes of p0-p4 architecture and the purpose of different combination schemes.

● Definition and analysis of P0-P4 motor

　　In hybrid electric vehicles, it can be divided into P0-P4 and Ps architectures according to the different motor Positions, where P stands for motor position, and the motors in different positions play different roles, which are directly related to vehicle energy consumption and power performance. Which hybrid electric vehicle is more suitable for you?

◆P0 architecture: simple structure and early fame.　

　　The motor with P0 structure is installed at the front end of the engine, which is connected with the crankshaft of the engine through a belt. The vehicle equipped with P0 motor can drive the mechanical compressor of the air conditioner to run when the engine stops at the traffic lights, so as to realize engine start and stop, braking energy recovery and power generation, and auxiliary power output.

"Bosch 48V MHEV System"

　　The technology and structure of P0 architecture are relatively simple and widely used. The automatic start-stop system that many drivers and friends shut down when they get on the bus is a typical P0 architecture, and the history of automatic start-stop can be traced back to 1970s. Compared with vehicles equipped with automatic start-stop function, P0 architecture adopts BSG (belt-driven starter/generator; Belt-driven starter/generator) motor, and equipped with a larger battery, can be competent to drive the compressor and auxiliary engine.

　　When the engine is stopped, P0 motor can drive the air conditioner compressor to work independently, thus reducing the idle time of the engine; When the vehicle starts or accelerates, P0 motor can assist the engine to run, help the engine quickly get rid of the inefficient working range, save fuel and effectively improve the driving quality. Because P0 motor transmits power to the wheels in series, the motor can’t drive the wheels independently without the engine, so there is no pure electric driving mode. In addition, the P0 motor is flexibly connected with the crankshaft through a belt, so the ceiling for applying force to the engine and recovering kinetic energy power is low.

"2020 modified Mazda CX-5 2.5L automatic four-wheel drive smart model"

　　Audi SQ7 TDI and Mazda i-Eloop belong to P0 architecture. Because P0 architecture has low transmission efficiency and the motor can’t directly drive the wheels, P0 motor usually appears as an auxiliary in the field of new energy vehicles. There will be corresponding analysis and cases in the following.

◆P1 architecture: independently developed/highly integrated.

　　P1-based motor is located at the rear end of the engine crankshaft, which replaces the traditional flywheel. Besides inheriting the function of flywheel to store energy and inertia outside the engine power stroke, P1-based motor has similar functions as P0-based motor, and also supports engine start and stop, braking energy recovery and power generation, and auxiliary power output.

Honda IMA hybrid system

　　Compared with P0 architecture, P1 architecture is more compact, and its motor is integrated in the engine housing. The design needs to consider the volume of the engine and the layout in the engine room. Because different gearboxes need corresponding design schemes, the research and development and manufacturing costs of P1 motor are relatively high. Existence is reasonable, and high investment often corresponds to high return. The engine crankshaft acts as the rotor of P1 motor, which has higher power transmission efficiency, better fuel saving effect and more obvious improvement on driving performance. In addition, P1 motor can apply auxiliary braking torque through electromagnetic field adjustment on downhill section to improve safety.

　　Although they are in different positions, P0 and P1 are connected with the same disease. As long as the motor rotates, the engine crankshaft must rotate, so the motor can’t drive the wheels alone, and there is no pure electric driving mode. In the kinetic energy recovery and sliding mode, the kinetic energy is wasted because the crankshaft must be driven to idle, and the noise and vibration are also increased because of the internal combustion engine following.

"Mercedes M254 Engine"

"2020 Mercedes-Benz E-Class (imported)"

　　A few days ago, the E350 model launched by Mercedes-Benz overseas adopted a 2.0T 4-cylinder engine code-named M254, and added 48V light mixing technology in the electrification transformation process. The ISG motor equipped with it has a maximum power of 12kW and a peak torque of 180N·m, which alleviates the performance of turbine lag when the wheels start and accelerate. This system is a typical P1 architecture. Officially, the motor is named "FAME" (modular engine). Some foreign media have speculated that this motor will appear on other PHEV models.

◆P2 architecture: modular design/strong fuel economy and wide application.　

　　The P2-frame motor is located between the engine and the gearbox. Because it is not necessary to be integrated in the engine housing like P1 motor, the layout can be more flexible. The structure can be equipped with 1-2 clutches between the engine and the gearbox, which can be divided into three layout modes: ① Single-clutch structure in which the motor is arranged in front of the clutch, and the motor plays the role of assisting, parking power generation and starting the engine, which is similar to P1 structure; (2) Single-clutch structure in which the motor is arranged behind the clutch, so that the motor can drive the vehicle independently, recover braking energy, generate electricity and assist; ③ The motor is arranged in the middle of the dual clutch structure, so that the motor can drive the vehicle independently, and can also start the engine or park for power generation.

　　P2 architecture has strong compatibility and can be matched with all gearboxes (including manual gearboxes). P2 architecture is widely used in hybrid vehicles at present, and many parts suppliers have mature solutions. Take Borgwarner’s P2 motor module as an example. It integrates a dual-mass flywheel and an engine release clutch, which can disconnect the clutch and the motor direct-drive vehicle. It can convert an internal combustion engine-powered vehicle into a hybrid vehicle without changing the engine and gearbox, which means that car companies can expand the power combination of vehicles and enrich the product line of hybrid vehicles with less investment, shorter time and greater flexibility.

"Audi A3 e-tron Power System"

"2017 Audi A3 new energy (imported) Sportback e-tron comfort type"

　　Audi A3 e-tron is a representative model with P2 architecture. It is equipped with a 1.4T engine and a permanent magnet synchronous motor with a maximum power of 75kW. The battery capacity of the car is 8.8kWh, and the pure electric cruising range is 50km under NEDC condition.

◆P3 architecture: efficient power transmission and large space occupation.　

　　The P3-frame motor is located at the output end of the gearbox, and its pure electric drive and kinetic energy recovery efficiency are high, and the effect of rapid acceleration is very direct. In terms of function, P3 motor can realize braking energy recovery and pure electric drive vehicles. Because the motor can’t be integrated with the gearbox or engine, it needs to occupy extra volume, so P3 architecture is more suitable for rear-wheel drive, and there is enough space for layout.

　　Compared with P0, P1 and P2 architectures, P3 architecture’s power transmission path does not pass through the gearbox, so the efficiency of pure electric drive and braking energy recovery is higher, and at the same time, the working time of the gearbox is reduced, which is helpful to prolong its service life. But the problem is also obvious, P3 motor can’t realize parking charging, and the shortcomings of outdoor camping and other use scenarios are exposed.

　　The representative model is BYD Qin PHEV, which is a parallel hybrid car with P3 motor as the core. With the original large-capacity battery setting, it not only meets China’s pure electric endurance of 50km for PHEV, but also can stack the performance of engine and motor to achieve stronger power output.

◆P4 architecture: realize four-wheel drive.

　　P4 frame motor and engine do not drive the same shaft, thus helping the vehicle to realize four-wheel drive. It can be a motor that drives the front axle/rear axle, or it can simply cancel the axle just like Acura NSX, and directly use two hub motors to drive the wheels. P4 architecture is similar to P3 in function, which can realize braking energy recovery and pure electric drive vehicles.

"2020 BMW i8 Extreme Night Meteor Limited Edition"

　　P4 architecture is mostly used in plug-in hybrid vehicles, and sports cars are more commonly used, such as porsche 918 Spyder, Acura NSX, BMW i8 and other sports cars. Take BMW i8 as an example. This 1.5T three-cylinder engine squeezes out the maximum power of 231Ps and the maximum torque of 320 N m. The maximum power of the permanent magnet synchronous motor on the front axle is 131Ps and the peak torque is 250 N m. It is equipped with a two-speed automatic gearbox to adjust the torque. The official acceleration time of 0-100km/h is 4.6s, which brings excellent power and can effectively reduce fuel consumption.

◆Ps architecture: parasites of double clutch

　　P3 motor is coupled at the output end of the gearbox, and Ps motor is directly integrated inside the gearbox. Because of the close location distribution, Ps architecture is easily confused as P3 architecture. Ps architecture is based on dual-clutch gearbox, which uses the characteristics of dual-clutch gearbox with two input shafts to integrate the motor on one of the shafts, and can realize pure electric drive vehicle and braking energy recovery.

"PS architecture power transmission mode"

　　The motor, clutch and reducer of Ps structure are put into the same shell, which is more fuel-efficient and smoother. But the disadvantages are also obvious, because the even shaft of the dual-clutch gearbox bears more torque than the odd shaft, which will lead to the inconsistency between the two shafts and the clutch wear; In addition, the integration of the motor into the gearbox will increase the maintenance cost, because it is the gearbox assembly that needs to be disassembled regardless of gearbox failure or motor failure.

"2021 Borui New Energy 1.5T ePro Leading Edition"

　　At present, among China brand car companies, Great Wall, Chery and Geely are all studying DHT gearbox, which is the cornerstone of Ps architecture. Taking Geely Automobile as an example, the 1.5T+7DCTH plug-in hybrid system of Geely ePro family models has the characteristics of high motor efficiency and high powertrain matching, and has the comprehensive advantages of high efficiency, excellent space and good quality (high cost performance). Among them, the efficiency of Ps frame motor is 97%, which is about 2% higher than that of P2 coaxial motor. The working speed of Ps frame motor is not limited by the engine, and the engine and motor can work in the high efficiency area at the same time, which can effectively reduce the fuel consumption of the whole vehicle.

●Combined frame motor

　　Brothers in battle, fathers and sons in battle, and motors with a single architecture all have shortcomings more or less, so combining two or more architectures of motors becomes the best solution at present. On P3 or P4 frame vehicles, it is necessary to install another motor for the engine in order to perform the engine start-stop and power generation functions, so many hybrid vehicles have two motors, forming a combined configuration of Px+Py. For example, WEY P8 has a BSG motor at the front end of the engine and a permanent magnet synchronous motor at the rear axle, which belongs to P0+P4 configuration. Let’s understand the technical characteristics of the combined structure motor through the development of domestic and foreign car companies and the analysis of car models.

◆ Volvo PHEV Technology Review and T8 Powertrain Analysis

　　In 2013, Volvo’s first-generation plug-in hybrid (PHEV) technology was applied to S60 PHEV models, adopting P0+P4 architecture, consisting of a BSG motor with 15kW engine front-end power and a 50kW permanent magnet synchronous motor with rear drive axle; In 2015, Volvo’s second-generation PHEV technology was applied to XC90 PHEV models, adopting P1+P4 architecture, consisting of an ISG motor with a power of 35kW and a permanent magnet synchronous motor with a rear drive axle of 60kW; At present, Volvo adopts the third generation PHEV technology based on CMA vehicle platform, and adopts a hybrid powertrain composed of an engine matching P2 motor.

　　As for the specific vehicle type, Volvo XC90 PHEV adopts a hybrid powertrain with P1+P4 architecture. The front axle of the vehicle is equipped with a gearbox integrated motor named C-ISG (Crank-integrated starter generator), which has three functions of start-stop control, power generation and assistance, and the rear axle is also equipped with a motor with the maximum power of 65kW. At present, Volvo’s PHEV models cover cars, station wagons and SUVs, all of which use modular PHEV powertrains.

◆ Evolution history of BYD DM system and analysis of the third generation DM system.

　　Since 2008, BYD’s DM system (Dual Mode system) has been upgraded twice. At present, the upgrade of the plug-in hybrid of the third generation DM is not only in terms of power, but also in terms of "performance" attributes of the whole BYD model after the "542" plan was put forward from the second generation DM system.

　　"High power consumption" is an obvious problem in the second-generation DM system. BYD thinks that BSG motor+electronic control system can solve the problem of "avoiding the inefficient area of the engine", assist the vehicle to generate electricity, make the whole energy flow system more balanced, and bring better acceleration performance, so the brand-new "BSG architecture" system is one of the core upgrades of this generation DM3.

　　The biggest purpose of BSG motor of the third generation DM system is not only to provide start-stop function servo for the engine, but also to charge the power battery while driving, and it can also be used to improve the acceleration performance. When the vehicle is driving in the all-electric drive mode, when the engine is involved, the BSG motor will drive the engine to start, so as to reduce the shock and assist in gear shifting.

Full text summary：

　　With the stricter emission standards and the support policies for new energy vehicles, OEMs pay more and more attention to the new energy market. Compared with the development of a brand-new hybrid system, the P2 technical route with modular design does not need to change the existing structure, is easy to integrate and is suitable for matching all gearboxes. Even if the fuel saving effect is not as good as that of parallel connection, the fuel consumption can be reduced at a lower cost, which has become a "shortcut" for many car companies. (Text/car home Zhang Wenhao)